Chem 125

14.10.2019

Quiz 2: Thursday, October 17

Chapter 4
Acids & Bases
Acids: —all conduct electricity (to some degree)
— they have a sour taste (tasting not advised for strong
acids)
— ionize to produce a hydrogen ion and an anion:
HNO3(aq) H2O H+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

Bases: —An atom, molecule, or ion that receives H+ ions

[typically
producing hydroxide (OH-)]

NH3 + H2O ⇌ NH4+ + OH-

Hydrogen Hydrogen
ion acceptor ion donor

Acids and bases are categorized as ‘strong’ and ‘weak’ based on

the degree to which they dissociate in water. They may be strong
electrolytes or weak electrolytes.
 Common Molecules and Ions: in Order of
Tendency to Capture or Give Up a Hydrogen Ion
H+
Molecule or Ion Molecule or Ion Donor
Ability
Strongest Base
Hydroxide ion OH- + H+ ⇌ H2O Water
Carbonate ion CO32- + H+ ⇌ HCO3- Bicarbonate ion
Ammonia NH3 + H+ ⇌ NH4+ Ammonium ion
Bicarbonate ion HCO3- + H+ ⇌ H2CO3 Carbonic acid
Acetate ion H3CCOO- + H+ ⇌ H3CCOOH Acetic acid
Sulfate ion SO4-2- + H+ ⇌ HSO4- Bisulfate ion
Water H2O + H+ ⇌ H3O+ Hydronium ion
Nitrate ion NO3- + H+ ⇌ HNO3 Nitric acid

H + Chloride ion Cl- + H+ ⇌ HCl Hydrochloric acid

Capture Strongest Acid
Ability
Common Acids & Bases

Electrical
Compound Formula Found in Taste
Conductivity
Citric acid HC6H7O7 Lemon juice Fair Sour
Phosphoric
H3PO4 Coca-cola Fair Sour
Acid
Boric Acid H3BO3 Eyewash Fair Sour
Acetic Acid H3CCOOH Vinegar Fair Sour
sour in dilute
Hydrochloric
HCl stomach acid Good solutions (dangerous
Acid
to taste)
sour in dilute
Nitric Acid HNO3 Industrial uses Good solutions (dangerous
to taste)
Sodium
NaHCO3 Baking Soda Fair Bitter
Bicarbonate
Household
Ammonia NH3 Fair Don't
cleaner
Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions
Redox reactions are characterized by the movement of
electrons from one reactant to another.

Oxidation: loss of electrons. Reduction: gain of

electrons

S(s) + HNO3(aq) NO(g) + SO2(g)

NO3- is reduced to NO(g): NO3- + 3 e- NO(g)

S(s) is oxidized to SO2(g): S(s) SO2(g) + 4e-

HNO3 is the Oxidizing Agent (it causes S to be oxidized)

S(s) is the Reducing Agent (it causes HNO3 to be reduced)

Balancing Redox Equations
S(s) + HNO3(aq) NO(g) + SO2(g)

Determine # of electrons lost & gained:

3 x (+ 4 e-) = 12 e- lost

S(s) + HNO3(aq) SO2 + NO + H2O

4 x (- 3 e-) = 12 e- gained

Balance electrons using coefficients, then add H2O, H+ or OH- (as

needed)

3 S(s) + 4 HNO3(aq) 3 SO2(g) + 4 NO(g) +

2 H2O

Now try: K(s) + H2O(g) KOH (aq) + H2(g)

Redox Chemistry in Action
Circuit Boards: plastic board is coated with copper(s), then a
protective coating is photographically placed over the board where
a wire is desired, then the remaining copper is etched away, e.g
with iron(III) chloride.

Cu(s) + Fe3+(aq) Cu2+(aq) + Fe2+

(aq)

(unbalanced)

Cu(s) + 2 Fe3+(aq) Cu2+(aq) + 2

Fe2+(aq)

Electroplating: chrome plating a car bumper:

2 CrO3(aq) 2 Cr(s) + 3 O2(g)

Electrochemical Series: What will oxidize? What
will reduce?

In the reaction:

2 Ag+(aq) + Cu(s) Ag(s) + Cu2+(aq)

2 e- transfer generates an electrical force of 0.45 volts(V).

Elements are organized by their ability to gain electrons into a table (Table
21.2) known as the Electrochemical Series: Ability to
lose
Au3+(aq) + 3 e- ⇌ Au(s) 1.50V electron
Fe3+(aq) + 3 e- ⇌ Fe(s) 0.77V s
2 H (aq) + 2 e ⇌ H2(s)
+ -
0.00V
Pb2+(aq) + 2 e- ⇌ Pb(s) - 0.13V
Zn2+(aq) + 2 e- ⇌ Zn(s) - 0.76V
Ability to Mg2+(aq) + 2 e- ⇌ Mg(s) - 2.37V
gain
electron
s
2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (October 9, 2019)

Stanley
Whittington: 1st
functional Li
battery (1970s)

John Goodenough: new

cathode doubles battery
potential
(1980s)
Akira Yoshino: uses Li
ions vs Li(s)⇒ workable
battery
 Chapter 4

eading: 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4 (pp 150-156), 4.5 (pp 158 - 163

Problems: 4.3, 12,18, 28, 31, 35, 47, 64, 78, 91