Algerian democratic republic and popular

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

university larbi ben m'hidi of oum el bouaghi
Faculty of Exact Sciences and Natural and Life Sciences
Department of Natural and Life Sciences
Module : reproductive endocrinology

The
Progesterone
Presented Teacher :
by : Professor
Maalem Hind  Mahdi

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Specialty : Biology and physiology of
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 Introduction
 fertility menstruation pregnancy and
menopause are all under the control of
the pituitary gland; of course by
Hormones .

 One of these hormones is the

progesterone .

www.istockphoto.com

So
what is progesterone hormone ?
What Does Progesterone Do?
pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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 History:
n 1934 progesterone (progestin) C21H30O2
s first isolated from the corpus luteum
its structure reported by four separate groups of researchers
udwig Fraenkel (1870 - 1951) first identified the endocrine
ction of the corpus luteum (1)

Regnier de Graaf (1641 – 1673)

was the first observer in the  Ludwig Fraenkel (1870 - 1951)
ovary of a cow as a yellow first identified the endocrine
structure, the yellow colour function of the corpus luteum (
was caused by accumulation
of steroidal hormones. (1)

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definition

Progesterone belongs
to a group of steroid hormones
called progestogens. 
It is mainly secreted by the corpus embryology.med.unsw.edu.au
luteum in the ovary during the
second half of the menstrual cycle.
It plays important roles in the
menstrual cycle and in maintaining
the early stages of pregnancy. (2)

www.britannica.com 6
Structure

www.istockphoto.com
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the corpus The ovarian corpus luteum
luteum: is a temporary endocrine
organ with progesterone
as its primary secretory
product. a corpus luteum
forms at the site of each
ovulated follicle; so litter-
bearing animals may have
multiple corpora lutea on
an individual ovary.(3)

www.tankonyvtar.hu/en/tartalom 8
How is progesterone controlled?

9
www.britannica.com
How is progesterone controlled?

1
slideplayer.com
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which cells have progesterone
receptors? The steroidogenic cells (3b-
hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
positive) and both the calutein
(17a-hydroxylase positive) and
granulosa-lutein (aromatase
positive) express progesterone
receptors, as do stromal
fibroblasts (vimentin positive,
fibroblast antigen positive).
Vascular endothelial cells (CD31
positive), pericytes (a-smooth
muscle actin positive),
macrophages (CD68 positive) and
fibroblasts within the central clot
medcell.med.yale.edu do not express nuclear
progesterone
receptors. (A) 1
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the progesterone receptors
mPRα

mPRβ the progesterone mPRγ

receptor (PR),
a nuclear receptor
which mediates its
effects via genomic
mechanisms, mPRs
are cell surface
receptors which
rapidly alter cell
signaling via
modulation
of intracellular
signaling cascades

mPRϵ mPRδ 1
By : H.Maalem 2
the progesterone receptors

www.wikiwand.com
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3
Mechanisms of genomic and
nongenomic action of progesterone :
The difference between the
genomic and nongenomic :

Summary of the key differences

between genomic and nongenomic
mechanisms of steroid hormone
action. The classic genomic pathway
is characterized by an increase in
protein synthesis, which mediates the
in vivo response to the hormone some
hours after hormone-receptor binding.
In contrast, the nongenomic pathway
is characterized by rapid second
messenger activation, which leads to
acute (within seconds) cellular
responses. The precise nature of the
receptor proteins that initiate the
nongenomic pathway is unclear 1
www.researchgate.net 4
Mechanisms of genomic and nongenomic
action of progesterone :

1
www.researchgate.net 5
Mechanisms of genomic and
nongenomic action of progesterone :
Activation of the progesterone receptor (PR) by
progesterone receptor ligands. Binding of progesterone to
the inactive receptor complex induces a conformational
change, which leads to Heat Shock Protein (HSP)
dissociation, receptor dimerization, DNA binding, and
recruitment of co-activators [e.g. steroid receptor co-
activator (SRC) and CBP] to facilitate communication with
the basal transcription apparatus RNA POL2 (RNA
polymerase). PRE 1⁄4 progesterone response element.
Action of progesterone receptor antagonists (PA): PA
compete with the agonist for PR binding and promote the
activation steps of dimerization and binding to specific
PRE of target DNA. However, PA induce an altered
conformation in PR that is transcriptionally inactive,
resulting in a non-productive interaction of the receptor
with DNA. This is caused by PR recruitment of co-
repressors (e.g. nuclear receptor co-repressor (NcoR) and www.researchgate.net
silencing mediator of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone 1
receptor (SMRT) instead of co-activators.
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 disruption in progesterone secretion
+
 high levels of progesterone are
associated with an increased risk for
developing breast cancer.
 High levels of progesterone are
associated with the condition congenital
adrenal hyperplasia.(consequence )
 Progesterone is used in hormone
replacement therapy to relieve symptoms
of the menopause in women (2)
By : H.Maalem
-
 If progesterone is absent or levels are too
low, irregular and heavy menstrual bleeding
can occur.
 A drop in progesterone during pregnancy can
result in a miscarriage and early labour.
 Lack of progesterone in the bloodstream can
mean the ovary has failed to release an egg
at ovulation, as can occur in women with 1
polycystic ovary syndrome.(2)
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What Does Progesterone Do In Pregnancy?

 Progesterone is known as the

“pregnancy hormone.”
 Progesterone helps the fertilized egg
be implanted in the uterus to establish
a pregnancy and help maintain a
healthy pregnancy.
 Women naturally produce progesterone
in the ovaries, the placenta, and the
adrenal glands during pregnancy. www.clipartwiki.com
 During fertility treatments such as IVF
(in vitro fertilization), progesterone is
often given because the medications
used in the process reduce a woman’s
natural production of the hormone.(4) 1
www.nhs.uk 8
 Progestero
ne

Before Pregnancy During pregnancy

o The hormone progesterone o When a woman is

is secreted during early pregnant
pregnancy and prepares the they produce hCG This is a
uterus for pregnancy signal to the ovaries to
o It causes the luteal phase to www.vectorstock.com continue to produce
start and transforms the Progesterone
endometrium (uterine lining) o Progesterone then
by thickening it to receive an continues to be
Embryo produced, nurturing the
o After it attaches to the uterine fetus as it starts to grow.
wall, this is when progesterone o After 8-10 weeks of
levels peak. pregnancy, the placenta
takes over progesterone 1
en.medixa.org production and increases 9
Benefits of Progesterone
Estrogen, the primary female sex hormone, stimulates
the growth of tissue inside the uterus. To prevent uterine
overgrowth, progesterone slows this activity and
redirects growth elsewhere. Your fertility doctor will
augment your natural production of progesterone to
avoid early miscarriage and help maintain a healthy level
of progesterone during pregnancy.

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Other benefits include:
 Stimulates bone growth, helping to protect from
osteoporosis.
 Helps maintain a healthy weight by burning body fat
for energy.
 Decreases craving for sweet and high-sugar foods,
stabilizing blood sugar levels.
 Is a diuretic, normalizing body fluid and salt levels.

fr.depositphotos.com

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www.cbsnews.com 0
 Progesterone medication
Progesterone medication is
sold under many brand names
including Aygestin®, Crinone®,
Endometrin®, Prometrium®,
Prochieve®, and Progestrona®.
Some forms of progesterone
are identical to the natural
hormone and others are a little www.ferringfertility.com
different. There are also man-
made substances with
similarities to progesterone
called progestins. Progestins
are included in some forms of
birth control

www.empowerpharmacy.com
2
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 FYI
Progesterone might be prescribed to help a woman
become pregnant and in infertility treatment.
It is unlikely that using progesterone or progestin
will increase the chance of birth defects
Studies that have followed children up to the age of
5 have not found progesterone use in pregnancy to
be harmful.
Weman take progesterone while breast feeding
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Progesterone in men
Progesterone is known as a female hormone, but
males need progesterone to produce testosterone.
The adrenal glands and testes in males produce
progesterone.

Progesterone levels in males are similar to those of

females in the follicular phase of the menstrual
www.backgroundsy.com
cycle, when the egg follicle on an ovary is
preparing to release an egg

2
pngio.com/PNG www.medicalnewstoday.com 3
 Conclusion:
 In 1934 progesterone (progestin) C21H30O2 was first
isolated from the corpus luteum
 The corpus luteum is a temporary endocrine structure
in female ovaries
 the progesterone is released during the second phase
of the menstrual cycle
 There are many cells that contain the progesterone
receptors
 there are many consequences for a high level or low
level of progesterone
 Progesterone is known as the “pregnancy hormone.”
 There are other roles of the progesterone in different
organes of the body like bones
 The P4 can be a medication too
 It is unlikely that using progesterone or progestin will
increase the chance of birth defects 2
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References
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 Web sites

0 embryology.med.unsw.edu.au
1 0 www.yourhormones.info
0 2
www.tankonyvtar.hu
3 0 www.myfertilitycenter.com
0 4
www.wikiwand.com
5 0 2
mothertobaby.org/
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 Articles

A
Jacqueline A Maybin and W Colin Duncan
Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Reproductive and Developmental
Sciences, University of Edinburgh,
Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh – Little France, 49 Little France Crescent, Old Dalkeith
Road, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
Correspondence should be addressed to W C Duncan; Email: W.C.Duncan@ed.ac.uk

B
Biserka Mulac-Jericevic and Orla M Conneely
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine,
1 Baylor Plaza, Houston,
Texas 77030, USA
Correspondence should be addressed to O M Conneely; Email: orlac@bcm.tmc.edu

C
Lisa M Walter, Peter A W Rogers and Jane E Girling
Centre for Women’s Health Research, Monash University Department of Obstetrics and
Gynaecology,
Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, Victoria, Australia 3168

D
Correspondence should be addressed to J Girling; Email:
jane.girling@med.monash.edu.au

J. DINNY GRAHAM† AND CHRISTINE L. CLARKE

Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of
Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead NSW 2145,
Australia 2
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 thank you
for
your attention
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