Computer system

BY
- Saugat Tamang
-Sanjeev Sainju
-Sandesh Khadka
-Sandesh Tuladhar
-Santosh Ghimire
-Satyam Kumar Jha
 Definition
• The computer system is the group of integrated
parts that have the common purpose of
performing various operations.
• It consists of a computer , all the support
equipment necessary for its use , instruction
that specify the performance of certain tasks ,
• Procedures that people must follow to use the
computer and the people who use the system.
 Architecture of computer system
Computer system has five basic unitsthat helps the
computer system to perform operations which are given
below:
1. Input unit
Input unit connects the external environment with
internal computer system. It accepts data and
instructions form environment converts into machine
language and supplyss data to the computer system.
2. Output unit
it connects the internal system of a computer to external
environment . It provides the result of the outside
world.
3. Storage unit
This hold the datas and instructions. It also stores the
intermediate results before these are sent to the external
devices. It also stores data for future use .

4.Central processing unit

it is the central processing unit of the computer. The control
unit and ALU are together known as CPU. CPU is the brain
of the computer system. It perform the following tasks:
• It performs all the operations.
• It takes all the decisions
• It controls all the unit of the computer system
 Storage unit

Input unit ALU Output unit

Control unit

Fig: block diagram of the computer(machine cycle)

 Major components of a
Computer system
 Input device
-e.g. mouse , keyboard etc.
 CPU
-eg: ALU, Control unit

 Output device
-e.g. monitor , projector , speakers ,printers , headphones etc.

 Main memory
- storage for running programs and current data
 Secondary storage
- e.g. hard disk , CD etc.
Input device
 Input Device
• Input is any information the computer
collects from the outside world. The input
can be in the form of text, programs,
commands and user responses.
• The device that collects the input and sends
to the computer is called an input devices.
• There is a variety of input devices, which
are used by computers.
• Input devices include keyboard, pointing
devices, scanners, web camera, digital
cameras, audio and video input devices.

“Simply, the devices which collects information and sends to the

computer is called an input devices.”
 Computer keyboard
• computer keyboard is the main
input device used to input data
and instruction to the computers.
• It has character engraved or
printed on the keys and each
press corresponds to a single
written symbols.
• The standard layout of letters,
numbers, and punctuation is
known as QWERTY keyboard
because the first six keys on the
top row of letters spell
QWERTY.
 Computer mouse
• Mouse is a small palm sized pointing
device for interaction with a digital
computer that has a graphical user
interface.
• It has two or three buttons on the top
with either a rotating ball or an optical
sensor at the bottom.
• It is rolled over a flat surface or an a
mouse pad.
• It controls the movement of the
pointer seen in the monitor screen and
is used to select menu or draw images
on the display screen.
 Joystick
• A joystick is an input device consisting of a
stick that pivots on a base and reports its
angle or direction to the device it is
controlling.
• Joysticks are often used to control video
games, and usually have one or more push-
buttons whose state can also be read by the
computer.
• A popular variation of the joystick used on
modern video game consoles is the analog
stick. 
• Miniature finger-operated joysticks have been
adopted as input devices for smaller
electronic equipment such as mobile phones.
 Image scanner
• It is a device that optically scans images, printed
text, handwriting or an object and converts it to
a digital image.
• Commonly used in offices are variations of the
desktop flatbed scanner where the document is
placed on a glass window for scanning.
• Modern scanners typically use a charge-coupled
device (CCD) or a contact image sensor (CIS) as
the image sensor, whereas drum scanners,
developed earlier and still used for the highest
possible image quality, use a photomultiplier
tube (PMT) as the image sensor.
•  All these scanners produce two-dimensional
images of subjects that are usually flat, but
sometimes solid; 3D scanners produce
information on the three-dimensional structure of
solid objects.
 microphone
• A microphone, colloquially
nicknamed mic or mike is a transducer that
converts sound into an electrical signal.
• Microphones are used in many applications such
as telephones, hearing aids, public address
systems for concert halls and public events, motion
picture production, live and recorded audio
engineering, sound recording, two-way
radios, megaphones, radio and television
broadcasting, and in computers for recording
voice, speech recognition and for non-acoustic
purposes such as ultrasonic sensors or knock
sensors.
• Microphones typically need to be connected to
a preamplifier before the signal can be recorded or
reproduced.
Processor
 Output Device
History

Types
In computing, an output device is a piece
of computer hardware equipment that uses
receive data and commands from
an information processing system (such as
a computer or information appliance) in order
to perform a task. This leads to the results
of data processing carried out by
the information processing system which
converts the electronically generated
information into human-readable form.
HISTORY
 Punch card
A punched card or punch card is a piece of stiff paper that can be
used to contain digital information represented by the presence
or absence of holes in predefined positions.
The information might be data for data processing applications
or, in earlier examples, used to directly control automated
machinery.
Punched cards were widely used through much of the 20th
century in what became known as the data processing industry,
where specialized and increasingly complex unit record
machines, organized into semiautomatic data processing systems,
used punched cards for data input, output, and storage. Many
early digital computers used punched cards, often prepared
using keypunch machines, as the primary medium for input of
both computer programs and data.
 TYPES
Visual

audio
Output
devices sensory

Olfactory
 VISUAL
1. Monitors
2. Printers
3. Projector
4. Touch pannels
5. VR
 Monitors
The monitor is the piece of computer
hardware that displays the video and
graphics information generated by the
computer through the video card. Most
monitors are in a widescreen format
and range in size from 17" to 24" or
more. 
Types of monitors:
CRT(Cathode Ray Tube)
LCD(Liquid crystal display)
LED(light-emitting diode))
OLED(organic light-emitting diode)
Plasma Tv
 Printers Dot matrix printers
Dot matrix printers use print
A Printer is heads to shoot ink or strike an
an external hardware output ink ribbon to place hundreds to
device that takes the electronic data thousands of little dots to form
stored on a computer or other device text and images.
and generates a hard copy of it.
Printers are one of the most popular
Inkjet printer
computer peripherals and are
The most popular printer for
commonly used to print text and
home computer users that prints
photos.
by spraying streams of quick-
 
drying ink on paper. 

Laser printer
It is a printer that utilizes laser
technology to print images on
the paper.
3D printer
The 3D printer is a device that creates
a physical object from a digital model
by layering materials such as metal
alloys, polymers, plastics, or even food
ingredients. 3D printers are used in
many disciplines--aerospace
engineering, dentistry, archaeology,
biotechnology, and information
systems are a few examples of Plotter
industries that utilize them. A plotter is a computer hardware
device much like a printer that is
used for printing vector graphics.
Instead of toner, plotters use a
pen, pencil, marker, or another
writing tool to draw multiple,
continuous lines onto paper rather
than a series of dots like a
traditional printer.
 Projector
A projector is an output device that can
take images generated by a computer or
Blu-ray player and reproduce them onto
a screen, wall, or other surface.
Below is a list of all the different
ways a projector can be used today.
1.Project a PowerPoint presentation
at a business meeting.
2.Project a computer screen to
teach a class in school.
3.Project a TV or computer with a
movie playing to a large screen.
4.Demo a product or service at a
convention center.
5.Transform a wall, house, or other object
to give it a different appearance.
 Touch pannels
An input\output device that serves as a disp
lay screen and also registers input by detec
ting the touch of a finger or stylus
on its surface.
 AUDIO
1.Headphones\earphone
2.Speaker
3.homepods
 speakers
A speaker is a term used to
describe the user who is giving
vocal commands to
a software program.

 A computer speaker is
a hardware device that connects
to a computer to generate sound.
The signal used to produce the
sound that comes from a
computer speaker is created by
the computer's sound card.
 Headphones\earphones
Headphones\earphones are a
hardware output device that
either plug into your
computer line out or
your speakers to privately listen to
audio without disturbing others. 
Homepods
Home Pod is a powerful
speaker that sounds
amazing and adapts to
wherever it’s playing. It’s
the ultimate music
authority learn your taste in
music. It’s also an
intelligent home assistant,
capable of handling
everyday tasks and
controlling your smart
home.
 SENSORY

1.Virtual Reality
2.Sensory suit
Virtual reality (VR)
Virtual reality (VR) is a computer-
generated scenario that simulates
a realistic experience. The
immersive environment can be
similar to the real world in order to
create a lifelike
experience grounded in reality
or sci-fi. Augmented
reality systems may also be
considered a form of VR that layers
virtual information over a live
camera feed into a headset, or
through a Smartphone or tablet
device
 SUPERSUIT
Although still in development,supersuit is a “realistic”
output device which transfers sesmic vibrations to your
body in a calculated manner. It is mainly used for
gaming purposes.
It allows user to feel the experience inside games.
OLFACTORY
 NOSULUS RIFT
Just like VR, its a VR for nose. This
device is still under crowd funding.
It allows the user to smell the scent
while playing games, watching
movies or playing VR
Memory and storage
 Main Memory
• The area in a computer in
which data is stored for
quick access by the
computer's prosessor.
• The CPU continuously reads
instructions stored there and
executes them as required.
• Example: – RAM
– ROM
– Cache
 Random Access Memory(RAM)
• A set of memory chips
called integrated
circuits.
• Volatile: Data stored in
it is lost when the
power is cut off
• Usage: Holds data/application programs which are being used from
input devices or starages.
• Capacity: Its capacity determines the number of programs that can
be run at the same time.
 Types of RAM
Static RAM Dynamic RAM
• Slower
• Faster • Less expensive
• More expensive • Less power
• More power consumption
consumption • Needs to be refreshed
• Does not need to be thousands of times
refreshed per second
Read Only Memory(ROM)
• This memory is used as the computer
begins to start or boot.
• They contain instructions to perform
some of the most basic operations
required to operate hardware devices.
• ROM memory cannot
be easily or quickly
overwritten or
modified.
• Retains its data when
the computer is
switched off.
 Types of ROM
Programmable ROM
• Can be programmed by the user.
• Once programmed the data cannot be
erased.
Erasable PROM
• The program can be erased using UV
rays and another program can be stored
in it.
Electrically EPROM
• Electricity is used to erase and
reprogram the memory.
 Cache Memory
• Cache is a high-speed access area used to store frequently
accessed data.
• Faster and expensive than RAM.
• It improves the computer’s performance by quickly
accessing the frequently used data.
• It is of two types:
• L1: primary cache (inside the processor)
• L2: secondary cache (in the motherboard)
Storage
 Secondary Storage Devices
• Any devices that are capable of holding information for a
long term even when the power is off are storage
devices.
• They are specially meant to store volume of information
for future use and transfer from one place to another.
• E.g. floppy disks,
hard disks,
USB flash storage,
SD cards
 Types of Storage Devices
Optical Storage Devices

Magnetic Storage Devices Flash Storage Devices

 Optical Storage Devices(Disks)
• Optical disc is any storage media that holds content in digital format.
• It is read using a laser assembly so is considered an optical media.
• The most common types of optical media are:

Compact Disc (CD)

Digital Versatile Disc

(DVD)

Blu-ray Disk (BD)

 Optical Storage Devices

CD (1982) DVD (1995) Blu-ray (2006)

• 1.2 MBps • 10.5 MBps • 36 MBps
• 700 MB • 4.7 GB • 25 GB
 Optical Storage Devices
Advantages:
• Small and portable
• Cheap to produce
• Large market of music, movies and games
• Most computers are equipped with them

Disadvantages:
• Fragile and easily scratched
• Slower data transfer
• Requires specific drives
• Limited number of writes
 Magnetic Storage Devices
• Thin, circular plate
of metal or plastic.
• Both surfaces have
coating that can
record data by
magnetization.
• E.g. floppy disk,
hard disk
 Floppy disk
• Flat, circularpiece of flexible plastic
coated with magnetic oxide.
• First available in 1971
• Capacity: only 1.44 MB
• Discontinued using because portable
hard disks,pendrives,etc
outperformed it in storage
capacity,access speed and reliability.
• Since 2010, no motherboard is still
manufactured that supports floppy
disk drive.
 Hard Disk
• Disks made of rigid metal
platters (usually
aluminium) which can store
data by magnetization.
• Introduced in 1956.
• Became dominant in the 60s.
• Main, and usually largest, data storage device in a
computer used today.
• It can store anywhere from 160 gigabytes to 4/5 terabytes.
• Capacity keeps increasing due to continuous
improvisation.
 Flash Storage Devices
• Drive that uses flash memory to keep data for an extended
period of time.
• widely used in consumer devices like Smartphones, cameras,
MP3 players, etc.
• Small, portable and high transfer speed.
• E.g. USB flash drive,
Solid state drive,SD card,
Memory sticks,etc.
USB Flash Drive
• Available in 2000
• Max capacity: 2-3 TB
• Small, portable and fast data
access
• Ideal solution for storing and
transferring small data.
 Solid State Drive
• First introduced in 1995.
• Max capacity: more than
10 TB
• Very high transferring
speed of about 500 MBps.
• Used frequently as a
replacement to hard disks
in latest devices.