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Chapter 3 - Consolidation and Settlement
Chapter 3 - Consolidation and Settlement
CHAPTER 3.0
CONSOLIDATION AND
SETTLEMENT
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3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
Introduction
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3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept Of Soil Consolidation
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3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept Of Soil Consolidation
1.
2. At t = 0
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3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept Of Soil Consolidation
3. At t = 240
Valve
open
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3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept Of Soil Consolidation
At t = ∞
4.
Hdr
calculation
example
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3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept Of Soil Consolidation
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3.1.1 Basic Concept Of Soil Consolidation
Experiment
outcomes:
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3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept of Soil Consolidation
Consolidation Test
Consolidometer @ Oedometer
compressibility (mv),
The saturated specimen is usually 75 mm diameter and 15-20 mm thick, enclosed in a circular
metal ring and sandwiched between porous stones.
Vertical static load increments are applied at regular time intervals (e.g. 12, 24, 48 hr.). The load is
doubled with each increment up to the required maximum (e.g. 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 kPa).
During each load stage thickness changes are recorded against time.
After full consolidation is reached under the final load, the loads are removed (in one or several
stages - to a low nominal value close to zero) and the specimen allowed to swell, after which the
specimen is removed and its thickness and water content determined. With a porous stone both
above and below the soil specimen the drainage will be two-way (i.e. an open layer in which the
drainage path length, d = H/2) 10
3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept of Soil Consolidation
Consolidation Test
Test Output
11
Void Ratio-Pressure Plots
1)
4)
2)
5)
3)
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3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
Normally & Overconsolidated Clays
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3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept of Soil Consolidation
Consolidation Test
Consolidation Parameter: Cs , Cc , mv
UNLOADING
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3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
Consolidation Test- Example
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3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
Consolidation Test- Example
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3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
Consolidation Test- Example
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3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept of Soil Consolidation
Terzaghi’s Theory
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3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept of Soil Consolidation
Terzaghi’s Theory
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3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept of Soil Consolidation
Terzaghi’s Theory
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3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept of Soil Consolidation
Terzaghi’s Theory
22
3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept of Soil Consolidation
Terzaghi’s Theory- Example
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3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept of Soil Consolidation
Terzaghi’s Theory- Example
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3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept of Soil Consolidation
Terzaghi’s Theory- Example
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3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept of Soil Consolidation
Terzaghi’s Theory- Example
26
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3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept of Soil Consolidation
Terzaghi’s Theory
Consolidation Parameter: Cv 2 graphical method
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3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept of Soil Consolidation
Terzaghi’s Theory
Consolidation Parameter: Cv 2 graphical method
29
3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept of Soil Consolidation
Terzaghi’s Theory
Example
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3.1 BASIC CONSOLIDATION
3.1.1 Basic Concept of Soil Consolidation
Terzaghi’s Theory
Example; Con’t
31
3.2 SOIL SETTLEMENT
Introduction
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3.2 SOIL SETTLEMENT
3 .2.1 Elastic @ Immediate Settlement
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3.2 SOIL SETTLEMENT
3.2.1 Elastic @ Immediate Settlement
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3.2 SOIL SETTLEMENT
3.2.1 Elastic @ Immediate Settlement
Example
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3.2 SOIL SETTLEMENT
3.2.2 Primary Consolidation Settlement
Normally
Consolidated
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3.2 SOIL SETTLEMENT
3.2.2 Primary Consolidation Settlement
Case 1
Over
Consolidated
Case 2
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3.2 SOIL SETTLEMENT
3.2.2 Primary Consolidation Settlement
Example
38
3.2 SOIL SETTLEMENT
3.2.2 Primary Consolidation Settlement
Example; Con’t
39
3.2 SOIL SETTLEMENT
3.2.2 Primary Consolidation Settlement
Example; Con’t
40
3.2 SOIL SETTLEMENT
3.2.2 Primary Consolidation Settlement
Example
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3.2 SOIL SETTLEMENT
3.2.2 Primary Consolidation Settlement
Example; Con’t
42
3.2 SOIL SETTLEMENT
3.2.3 Secondary Consolidation Settlement
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3.2 SOIL SETTLEMENT
3.2.3 Secondary Consolidation Settlement
Example
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3.2 SOIL SETTLEMENT
3.2.3 Secondary Consolidation Settlement
Example; Con’t
45
3.3 APPLICATION OF CONSOLIDATION THEORY IN FOUNDATION DESIGN
Introduction
46
3.3 APPLICATION OF CONSOLIDATION THEORY IN FOUNDATION DESIGN
Introduction
In previous chapter (Chapter 2: Stress Distribution In Flexible Medium) showed that the
increase in the vertical stress in soil caused by a load applied over a limited area
decreases with depth(z) measured from the ground surface downward. Hence to the
one-dimensional settlement of a foundation, we can use Eq. of primary consolidation
settlement (Subchapter 3.2.2). However the increase of effective stress in these
equations should be the average increase in the pressure below the center of the
foundation. By using Simpson’s rule, we can estimate the value;
47
3.3 APPLICATION OF CONSOLIDATION THEORY IN FOUNDATION DESIGN
Example
48
3.3 APPLICATION OF CONSOLIDATION THEORY IN FOUNDATION DESIGN
Example; Con’t
49
3.3 APPLICATION OF CONSOLIDATION THEORY IN FOUNDATION DESIGN
Example; Con’t
50