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Chapter 1: Anatomical Terminology and Body Movements
Chapter 1: Anatomical Terminology and Body Movements
Chapter 1: Anatomical Terminology and Body Movements
• Flexion
– Bending (elbow, shoulder, wrist, neck, spine, knee, hip, ankle)
– Usually a forward movement (except knee & toes)
– Decreases angle between bones or body parts
– Dorsiflexion: moving foot so that toes point toward nose
– Plantarflexion: moving foot so that toes point toward ground
– Lateral flexion: side bending
• Extension
– Straightening (elbow, shoulder, wrist, neck, spine, knee, hip)
– Usually a backward movement
– Increases angle between bones or body parts
– Hyperextension: extension past anatomical position
• Rotation
– Movement around an axis (head, arm, thigh, trunk, forearm)
– Supination: movement of hand & forearm laterally (palm up)
– Pronation: movement of forearm & hand medially (palm down)
• Abduction
– Movement away from midline (arm, hip)
• Adduction
– Movement toward midline (arm, hip)
• Horizontal Abduction
– Movement of arm along plane of horizon & away from body
• Horizontal Adduction
– Movement of arm in a horizontal plane across midline of body
• Inversion of Foot
– Soles of foot move toward midline of body
• Eversion of Foot
– Soles of foot move away from midline of body
• Elevation
– Upward (superior) movement (scapula & mandible)
• Depression
– Downward (inferior) movement (scapula & mandible)
• Protraction
– Anterior (forward) movement (scapula & mandible)
• Retraction
– Posterior (backward) movement (scapula & mandible)
• Upward Rotation
– Scapula moves so that glenoid fossa turns upward
• Downward Rotation
– Scapula moves so that glenoid fossa turns downward