Maternal and Child Health

-Utsav Kumar Shrestha

Roll number: S-22
Q. Define reproductive health. Discuss the
indicators of maternal and child health
status in a community.

• Good sexual and reproductive health is a state

of complete physical, mental and social well
being in all matters related to the
reproductive system.
• It implies that people are able to have a
satisfying and safe sex life, the capability to
reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when
and how often to do so.
 Indicators of MCH Care
Commonly used mortality indicators of MCH
care are:
•Maternal mortality ratio (MMR)
•Mortality in infancy and childhood
– Perinatal mortality rate (PMR)
– Neonatal mortality rate (NMR)
– Post-neonatal mortality rate
– Infant mortality rate (IMR)
 Indicators of MCH Care
– 1 to 4 year mortality rate
– Under 5 mortality rate (Child mortality rate)
– Child survival index
 Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)
• WHO defines maternal death as “The death of
a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of
termination of pregnancy from any cause
related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or
its management but not from accidental or
incidental causes.”
Maternal Mortality Ratio
 Perinatal Mortality Rate
• “Perinatal period” = from 28th week of
gestation to the seventh day after birth.
• WHO definition (in nations with well
established vital records):
• PMR =Late foetal deaths (28 weeks of
gestation or more) +early neonatal deaths (1st
week) in a year *1000
Live births in a year
 Perinatal Mortality Rate
• WHO definition for nations with less well
established vital records:
• PMR = Late foetal deaths (28 weeks gestation
or more) + postnatal deaths (1st week) in a
year *1000
Live births in a year
 Neonatal Mortality Rate
• “Neonatal deaths” = deaths occurring during
the neonatal period commencing at birth and
ending 28 completed days after birth.
• NMR = No. of deaths of children under 28
days of age in a year *1000
Total live births in the same year
 Post Neonatal Mortality Rate
• Deaths occurring from 28 days of life to under
one year – “post neonatal deaths”.
• Post Neonatal Mortality Rate
= No. of deaths of children between 28 days
and 1 year of age in a given year *1000
Total live births in same year
 Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
• IMR is defined as “The ratio of infant deaths
registered in a given year to the total no. of
live births registered in the same year per
1000 live births.”
• It is the most important indicator of health
status of a community
• It is also an indicator of the effectiveness of
MCH care service
 Infant Mortality Rate
• IMR = No. of deaths of children under 1 year
in a year *1000
No. of live births in the same year
 Under 5 Mortality Rate (Child
Mortality Rate)
Child mortality rate = No. of deaths of children <
5 years in a given year *1000
No. of live births in the same
year