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CS412 Introduction To Computer Networking & Telecommunication Theoretical Basis of Data Communication
CS412 Introduction To Computer Networking & Telecommunication Theoretical Basis of Data Communication
Theoretical Basis of
Data Communication
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Signals
Information must be transformed into
electromagnetic signals to be
transmitted
Signal forms
Analog or digital
Periodic or aperiodic
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Analog/Digital Signals
Analog signal
Continuous waveform
Can have a infinite number of values in a
range
Digital signal
Discrete
Can have only a limited number of values
E.g., 0 or 1
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Figure 3.1 Comparison of analog and digital signals
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Periodic/Aperiodic Signals
Periodical signal
Contains continuously repeated pattern
Period (T): amount of time needed for the
pattern to complete
Aperiodical signal
Contains no repetitive signals
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Analog Signals
Simple analog signal
Sine wave
3 characteristics
1. Peak amplitude (A)
2. Frequency (f)
3. Phase ()
Composite analog signal
Composed of multiple sine waves
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Figure 3.2 A sine wave
s (t ) A sin( 2ft )
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Figure 3.3 Amplitude
s(t): instantaneous
amplitude
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Characteristics of Analog Signal
Peak amplitude: highest intensity
Frequency (f)
Number of cycles/rate of change per second
Measured in Hertz (Hz), KHz, MHz, GHz, …
Period (T): amount of time it takes to
complete one cycle
f = 1/T
Phase: position of the waveform relative
to time 0
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Figure 3.4 Period and frequency
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Table 3.1 Units of periods and frequencies
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Figure 3.5 Relationships between different phases
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Figure 3.6 Sine wave examples
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Figure 3.6 Sine wave examples (continued)
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Figure 3.6 Sine wave examples (continued)
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Characteristics of Analog Signal
Changes in the three characteristics
provides the basis for
telecommunication
Used by modems (later …)
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Time Vs. Frequency Domain
The sine waves shown previously are
plotted in its time domain.
An analog signal is best represented in
the frequency domain.
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Figure 3.7 Time and frequency domains
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Composite Signals
A composite signal can be decomposed
into component sine waves - harmonics
The decomposition is performed by
Fourier Analysis
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Figure 4-13
Signal with DC Component
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Figure 3.11 Frequency spectrum comparison
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Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth
Frequency spectrum
Collection of all component frequencies it
contains
Bandwidth
Width of frequency spectrum
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Figure 3.13 Bandwidth
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Example 3
If a periodic signal is decomposed into five sine waves
with frequencies of 100, 300, 500, 700, and 900 Hz,
what is the bandwidth? Draw the spectrum, assuming all
components have a maximum amplitude of 10 V.
Solution
B = fh fl = 900 100 = 800 Hz
The spectrum has only five spikes, at 100, 300, 500, 700,
and 900 (see Figure 13.4 )
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Figure 3.14 Example 3
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Example 4
A signal has a bandwidth of 20 Hz. The highest
frequency is 60 Hz. What is the lowest frequency? Draw
the spectrum if the signal contains all integral frequencies
of the same amplitude.
Solution
B = fh fl
20 = 60 fl
fl = 60 20 = 40 Hz
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Figure 3.15 Example 4
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Example 5
A signal has a spectrum with frequencies between 1000
and 2000 Hz (bandwidth of 1000 Hz). A medium can
pass frequencies from 3000 to 4000 Hz (a bandwidth of
1000 Hz). Can this signal faithfully pass through this
medium?
Solution
The answer is definitely no. Although the signal can have
the same bandwidth (1000 Hz), the range does not
overlap. The medium can only pass the frequencies
between 3000 and 4000 Hz; the signal is totally lost.
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Digital Signals
0s and 1s
Bit interval and bit rate
Bit interval: time required to send 1 bit
Bit rate: #bit intervals in one second
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Example 6
A digital signal has a bit rate of 2000 bps. What is the
duration of each bit (bit interval)
Solution
The bit interval is the inverse of the bit rate.
Bit interval = 1/ 2000 s = 0.000500 s
= 0.000500 x 106 s = 500 s
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Digital Signal - Decomposition
A digital signal can be decomposed into
an infinite number of simple sine waves
(harmonics), each with a different
amplitude, frequency, and phase
A digital signal is a composite signal
with an infinite bandwidth.
Significant spectrum
Components required to reconstruct the
digital signal
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Figure 4-20
Harmonics of a Digital Signal
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Bandwidth-Limited Signals (2)
(b) – (e) Successive approximations
to the original signal.
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Figure 4-21
Exact and Significant Spectrums
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Figure 3.18 Digital versus analog
C = H log2(1 + S/N)
where C: (noisy) channel capacity (bps)
H: bandwidth (Hz)
S/N: signal-to-noise ratio
dB = 10 log10 S/N
In practice, we have to apply both for
determining the channel capacity.
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Example 7
Consider a noiseless channel with a bandwidth of 3000
Hz transmitting a signal with two signal levels. The
maximum bit rate can be calculated as
Example 8
Consider the same noiseless channel, transmitting a signal
with four signal levels (for each level, we send two bits).
The maximum bit rate can be calculated as:
= B log2 (1) = B 0 = 0
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Example 10
We can calculate the theoretical highest bit rate of a
regular telephone line. A telephone line normally has a
bandwidth of 3000 Hz (300 Hz to 3300 Hz). The signal-
to-noise ratio is usually 35dB, i.e., 3162. For this channel
the capacity is calculated as
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Example 11
We have a channel with a 1 MHz bandwidth. The S/N for
this channel is 63; what is the appropriate bit rate and
signal level?
Solution
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Figure 3.26 Propagation time
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Figure 3.27 Wavelength
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