MHD GENERATION

PRESENTED BY-
ANJALI RAI
1612220013
EE-81
CONTENTS:
 Introduction
 Historical backgroud

 Principle of mhd generation

 Designs of MHD generator

 MHD cycles and working fluids

 Advantages

 Disadvantages

 Application
 INTRODUCTION
 MHD power generation is a direct energy
conversion, which converts heat energy directly
into electrical energy without any intermediate
mechanical energy conversion.
 Some of direct energy conversion methods are-

Magneto hydrodynamic generation

Photovoltaic generation system
Electrchemical energy conversion
Thermoelectric power generation
 It studies the dynamics of electrically conducting
fluids ie. Plasma, liquid metals, salt water.
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
 It was introduced by Michael Faradey in 1832
in his Bakerian lecture.
 He carried an experiment at Waterloo bridge
in UK for measuring he current ,from the flow
of Thames in Earths magnetic field.
 Over the years the first MHD generator was
built in 1959 in USA.
 The first MHD power plant was constructed in
USSR in 1970.
PRINCIPLE OF MHD GENERATION

 Faraday’s law of electromagnetic

induction
 When an electric conductor moves
across a magnetic field, an emf is
induced in it which produces an
electric current.
 Instead of conductor, a mass of ionized
gas molecule is used.
 Forcewill act on the charged particle
according to Lorentz force.
 F=q( v x B)
MOTION OF A CHARGED PARTICLE IN
MAGNETIC FIELD
DESIGNES OF MHD GENERATORS:

 FARADAY GENERATOR
Consist of non conductive wedge shaped
pipe or tube.
Such design makes the substance to cool
quickly and slowed down.
Reduces the temperature of conducting fluid.
HALL GENERATOR
 This design has arrays of short, segmented electrodes on
the sides of the duct.
 The first and last electrodes in the duct power the load.
Each other electrode is shorted to an electrode on the
opposite side of the duct.
 Losses are less than a Faraday generator, and voltages are
higher because there is less shorting of the final induced
current.
DISC GENERATOR
 The most efficient design is the Hall effect disc generator.
 A disc generator has fluid flowing between the center of a
disc, and a duct wrapped around the edge.
 The Faraday currents flow in a perfect dead short around
the periphery of the disk.
 The Hall effect currents flow between ring electrodes near
the center duct and ring electrodes near the periphery
duct.
 WORKING FLUIDS AND MHD
CYCLES:

 Open cycle MHD system

Air is used as a working medium
 Closed cycle MHD system

Helium is used as a working medium

1) Seeded inert gas system
2) Liquid metal system
OPEN CYCLE MHD SYSTEM
CLOSED CYCLE MHD SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES
Here only working fluid is circulated, and there are no
moving mechanical parts. This reduces the mechanical
losses to nil and makes the operation more dependable.
 The temperature of working fluid is maintained the
walls of MHD.
 It has the ability to reach full power level almost
directly.
 The price of MHD generators is much lower than
conventional generators.
 MHD has very high efficiency, which is higher than
most of the other conventional or non-conventional
method of generation.
DISADVANTAGES
 It has high fluid friction losses and heat transfer
losses.
 A large voltage drop takes place across the gas
film.
 The requirement of large-sized magnets increases
the cost of an MHD system.
 Working temperature ranges from 200°K to
2400°K. This causes fast corrosion of
components.
APPLCATIONS
 Power generation in space craft

 Hypersonic wind tunnel experiment

 Defence application
THANK YOU