Memory & Address

Memory Interface
 Memory Devices (ROM)
• ROM permanently stores programs and data and does
not change when the power supply is disconnected
• Is often called nonvolatile memory and programmed
outside the computer
• Type:
– PROM can only be programmed once
– EPROM is a type of ROM commonly used when software
must be
– changed often. Programmed using an EPROM programmer
and erasable if exposed to high-intensity UV light
– EEPROM or flash memory are electrically erasable in the
system, but require more time to erase than normal RAM
 Memory Devices (RAM)
• SRAM DRAM
• Retain data for as •Retain data for only 2 or 4
long as DC power is ms.
applied (static) •Contents of DRAM must be
• Very fast and used completely rewritten
when size of (refreshed)
read/write •Manufacturer has internally
memory is
relatively small constructed DRAM to refresh
• i.e. cache memory, entire contents in a 2 or 4 ms
ASIC interval
 Pin Connections
Address connections
are address inputs that select a memory location within the
memory device.
It is Labeled from A0 to An.
i.e. 16k x 1 and 2k x 8
Selection connection
is an input that select or enables the memory device.
Often called chip select, (CS)
and sometimes more than one.
Control connection
is a control input.
Output enable, (OE): allows data to flow out of the output data
pins of the memory device.
Write enable, (WE): must be active to perform write operation.
Address Decoding
 Why
• Required to attach memory to the
microprocessor
• Decoding makes the memory function at a
unique partition of the memory map
• Without address decoder, only one memory
device can be connected to a
microprocessor
Example
 Example-Cont.
• The 8086 has 20-bit address for a total of 1MB of
memory address space.
• The 2716 EPROM has only 2KB of memory and 11
address pins.
• A decoder can be used to decode the additional 9
address pins and allow the
• EPROM to be placed in any 2KB section of the
1MB address space.
• How to determined the address range for this
EPROM?
Addressing Modes
 Data-Addressing Modes
• MOV instruction provides basis for
explanation of addressing modes
Data Addressing Modes-Cont
Data Addressing Modes-Cont
 Register Addressing
• For data movement from one μP register to another
Register Addressing (2)
 Register addressing
• Most common form of data addressing
• Once register names are learned, it is easy to
apply
• Instructions must use registers with same size
 Immediate Addressing
• Immediate data is constant data
 Immediate addressing
• The term “immediate” implies that data
immediately follow the opcode
 Register indirect addressing
• Allows data to be addressed at any memory
location held in the following registers:
BP, BX, DI and SI
 Base-plus-index addressing
• Indirectly addresses memory data using one
base register (BP or BX)and one index register
(SI or DI )
• Base register holds the beginning location of a
memory array and index register holds the
relative position of an element array
 Direct addressing
• Transfers data from data segment (memory)
and registers
 Register relative addressing
• The data in a segment of memory are
addressed by adding displacement of the
contents of base (BX & BP) or index (DI or SI)
registers
 Base relative-plus-index addressing
• Adds displacement, base register and index
register to form the memory address