General Physics II

Electric Charge and

Electric Fields
Session 9

Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.

Facilitator
SESSION OUTCOMES
 State that there are positive and negative charges
 Describe charging by rubbing, conduction and induction
 Draw electric field patterns due to systems with isolated
point charges
 Predict the trajectory of a charge in a uniform
electric field
 Calculate the net electric field of a point due to a system of
point charges using Coulomb’s Law and calculate the net
electric force on a charge at that point
 Calculate the net electric field for highly symmetric
charge distributions using Gauss’s Law (optional)

General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.

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PRIMING ACTIVITY – Balloons and
Static Electricity
 Rub the balloons with your hair for about 5 to 10 seconds.
Then slowly pull the balloon away from your hair.
 What have you observed as you slowly pull the balloon
away?
 Do you think a balloon can pull a soda can?

General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.

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PRIMING ACTIVITY – Balloons and
Static Electricity
 Among the group, choose one representative. The
challenge is to pull the soda can from the start line to the
finish line using the rubbed balloons. Note that the
balloons must not have any physical contact with the can.
Once a physical contact has been made between the
balloon and the can, the challenger has to start over again
from the start line. The representative whose soda can
reaches the finish line first wins the challenge. You’ll have
5 minutes to practice.

General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.

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ANALYSIS – Balloons and Static
Electricity

General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.

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ELECTRIC CHARGE
 property of matter involved in electromagnetic interaction
“Electric”  “elektron”(amber)

ELECTROSTATICS
 interactions between electric charges at rest

KINDS of CHARGES
 Benjamin Franklin
 positive & negative charges

LAW of ELECTRIC CHARGES

“Like charges repel, opposite charges attract.”

General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.

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ELECTRIC CHARGE
LAW of ELECTRIC CHARGES
“Like charges repel, opposite charges attract.”

????

General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.

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ELECTRIC CHARGE
STRUCTURE of MATTER
 atom: electron, proton, neutron
 proton, neutron; quarks
IONIZATION  gaining or losing of electrons

General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.

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ELECTRIC CHARGE
STRUCTURE of MATTER
 atom: electron, proton, neutron
 proton, neutron; quarks
IONIZATION  gaining or losing of electrons

General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.

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ELECTRIC CHARGE
CONSERVATION of ELECTRIC CHARGE
“The algebraic sum of all electric charges in
any closed system is constant.” Nature of Electric Charge
“The magnitude of charge of the electron or
proton is a natural unit (quanta) of charge.”

qe  1.602  10 19 C electron

q p  1.602  10 19 C proton

e  1.602  10 19 C quanta of charge

(electron charge)
1 2 Quarks doesn’t exist
qquarks   e, e
3 3 in isolation
General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.
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ELECTRIC CHARGE
Application of Law of Electric Charges

General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.

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CONDUCTORS, INSULATORS & INDUCED CHARGES
CONDUCTORS CONDUCTION
 permits electric charges to move  charging using physical
easily from one region of the contact w/conductors
material to another (Ex. metals)
INSULATORS
 opposite of a conductor
(ex. Plastic)
SEMICONDUCTORS
 can become an insulator or a
conductor
SUPERCONDUCTORS
 permits ALL/MOST charges to
flow within 12
General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.
CONDUCTORS, INSULATORS & INDUCED CHARGES
INDUCTION
 charging with no physical contact
 acquires charge with opposite sign

INDUCED CHARGES
 charges that lie on the surface of the material charged by
induction

General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.

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CONDUCTORS, INSULATORS & INDUCED CHARGES
Application of Induction
 electrostatic
painting process

General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.

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ELECTRIC FORCE & ELECTRIC FIELDS
ELECTRIC FORCE  repulsion/attraction between electric charges
Coulumb’s Law
q1q2
F k 2 k
1
 9 109
N  m 2

r 4 0 C2

ELECTRIC FIELD
 imaginary field created by an electric charge
 electric force per unit charge (N/C)
  
 F
E F  qE
q
 The electric force on a charged body is exerted by the
electric field created by other charged bodies
General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.
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ELECTRIC FORCE & ELECTRIC FIELDS
Charges in a Uniform Electric field
 
q F  qE moves along the
direction of the
field

E
q
 
F   qE
moves opposite the
direction of the field

General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.

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ELECTRIC FORCE & ELECTRIC FIELDS
Electric field of Point Charges
q1q2
F k 2
r
F
E
q

q
Ek 2
r
Coulumb’s
Law for E
General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D. PhET simulation – Charges and Fields 17
ELECTRIC FORCE & ELECTRIC FIELDS
PRINCIPLE of SUPERPOSITION
    q1 q2
Ftotq  F1q  F2 q  F3q  
   
Etot  E1  E2  E3  

 Ftotq q3 q
Etot 
q

General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.

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ELECTRIC FORCE & ELECTRIC FIELDS
Example: Vector addition of electric forces +y
 What is the total electric field at
the origin due to charges q1 and q2?
What is the total electric
q

force experienced by the q1  1nC
negative charge q =-1nC at +x
the origin?
x = -1m

q2  1nC
y = -1m

PhET simulations – Charges and Fields 19

General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.
ELECTRIC FORCE & ELECTRIC FIELDS
Solution:
+y
 What is the total electric field at
the origin due to charges q1 and q2?
q1
E1  k 
q1  1nC
2
r1
9
E1
 9 N m 
1  10 C 2 +x
  9  10 
 1m 
2 2
 C x = -1m

N

E1  9 E2
C
q2  1nC
q2 N y = -1m
E2  k 2
9
r2 C
General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.
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ELECTRIC FORCE & ELECTRIC FIELDS
Solution:
+y
 What is the total electric field at
the origin due to charges q1 and q2?
 N ˆ  N ˆ
E1  9 i E 2  9 j
C C 
  
Etot  E1  E2 q1  1nC E1
  N ˆ  N  ˆ +x
Etot   9 i   9  j 
 C  C x = -1m
 N  N
2
N
2

Etot   9     9   12.7 E2 
 C  C C
Etot
magnitude
 N
9  q2  1nC
C
  tan 1   450  3150 y = -1m
 N
9  direction
 C
PhET simulations – Charges and Fields 21
General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.
 ELECTRIC FORCE & ELECTRIC FIELDS
Solution:
What is the total electric force
 +y

experienced by the negative charge Ftotq 
q =-1nC at the origin? F2 q
q1q
F1  k q1  1nC
r1
2
q

9 N  m  1nC    1nC 
+x
 2
  9  10  F
x = -1m 1q
 C 2
  1m  2


F1  9  10 N 9
F1  9  10 9 N iˆ

F2  9  10 N 9
F2  9  10 9 N ˆj q2  1nC
y = -1m
Ftotq   9  10 9 N  iˆ   9 10 9 N  ˆj


General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.

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 ELECTRIC FORCE & ELECTRIC FIELDS
Solution:
What is the total electric force
 +y

experienced by the negative charge Ftotq 
q =-1nC at the origin? F2 q
magnitude

Ftotq    9 10 9
N   9 10
2 9
N  2
 1q1 
.27 1nC
10 8
N q
 9 10 9
N   +x
  tan 1

  9  10 9 N
  45 0

, 135 0
F
x = -1m 1q
direction

Alternative solution:
 q Etot    1 10 C  12.7 
 N 9
Ftotq
C q2  1nC
 y = -1m
Ftotq  1.27  10 8 N
PhET simulations – Charges and Fields 23
General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.
ELECTRIC FORCE & ELECTRIC FIELDS
Exercise: +y
 What is the total electric
field due to charges q1 and q2
at the origin?
q1  1nC q2  1nC
 What is the total electric
force experienced by the +x
negative charge q at the
x = -1m q  1nC
origin? x = 1m

General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.

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 THANK YOU
and
SEE YOU NEXT SESSION!

General Physics II – Session 1 – Jonathan P. Manigo, Ph.D.

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