SECTION 7 DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS

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 SECTION 7 DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS
7.1 Design Strength
7.2 Effective Length of Compression Members
7.3 Design Details
7.3.1 Thickness of Plate Elements
7.3.2 Effective Sectional Area
7.3.3 Eccentricity for Stanchions and Columns
7.3.4 Splices
]7.4 Column Bases
7.4.1 Gusseted Bases
7.4.2 Slab Bases
7.5 Angle Struts
7.5.1 Single Angle Struts
7.5.2 Double Angle Struts
7.5.3 Continuous Members
7.5.4 Combined Stresses
Cont... 2
 SECTION 7 DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS

7.6 Laced Columns

7.6.1 General
7.6.2 Design of Lacings
7.6.3 Width of Lacing Bars
7.6.4 Thickness of Lacing Bars
7.6.5 Angle of Inclination
7.6.6 Spacing
7.6.7 Attachment to Main Members
7.6.8 End Tie Plates
7.7 Battened Columns
7.7.1 General
7.7.2 Design of Battens
7.7.3 Spacing of Battens
7.7.4 Attachment to Main Members
7.8 Compression Members Composed of Two Components
Back-to-Back Cont...
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 INTRODUCTION

• Review of behaviour of columns subjected to axial compressive

loading:

• Very short columns fail by yielding under axial compression

• Very long columns fail by buckling in Euler mode

• Practical columns generally fail by inelastic buckling and do not

conform to the assumptions made in Euler’s theory

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 INTRODUCTION

• Dominant factors affecting ultimate strength of columns

subjected to axial compressive loading:
• Slenderness ratio (/r)
• Material yield stress (fy)

• Dominant factors affecting ultimate strength of practical columns:

• Initial imperfection
• Eccentricity of loading
• Residual stresses
• Lack of defined yield point
• Strain hardening

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 INFLUENCE OF RESIDUAL STRESSES

T T
T T T T
C C C C
C C
C C
C
C C
C C
T T T T
T T
Rolled beam Welded box Rolled column

Distribution of residual stresses

Heavily welded section:
• Residual stresses due to welding are very high and can be of greater
consequence in reducing the ultimate capacity of compression members.

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 INTRODUCTION

c Test data (x) from collapse tests

xxx
on practical columns
fy x
x

200
xx
x Euler curve
x
xx x

100
x
x
Design curve
xx
x
x x

50 100 150
Slenderness  (/r)

Typical column design curve

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 Cross Section Shapes for
Rolled Steel Compression Members

(a) Single Angle (b) Double Angle (c) Tee

(d) Channel (e) Hollow Circular (f) Rectangular Hollow

Section (CHS) Section (RHS)

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 Cross Section Shapes for Built - up or
fabricated Compression Members

(a) Box Section (b) Box Section (c) Box Section

(d) Plated I Section (e) Built - up I Section (f) Built-up Box Section

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 7.1 DESIGN STRENGTH

7.1.2 The design compressive strength of a member is given by

Pd  Ae f cd
f y /  m0
f cd    f y /  m0  f y /  m0
0.5

    2 2 
 

 = 0.5[1+ ( - 0.2)+ 2]

fcd = the design compressive stress,
λ = non-dimensional effective slenderness ratio, f y f cc   
f y KL
r
2 2
 E

fcc = Euler buckling stress = 2E/(KL/r)2

 = imperfection factor as in Table 7.1
 = stress reduction factor as in Table 7.3

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7.1.2.1 The classification of different sections under different buckling class
a, b, c or d, is given below.
Cross Section Limits Buckling Buckling
about axis Curve
Rolled I- h/b > 1.2 : z-z a
Sections tf 40 mm y-y b
 40 < tf <100 z-z  b
y-y c
Welded I- tf <40 mm z-z b
Section y-y c
tf >40 mm  z-z  c
y-y d
Hollow Section Hot rolled Any a
Cold formed Any b
Welded Box Generally Any b
Section, built-up Any c
Channel, Angle, Any c
T and Solid
Sections 11
 7.1 DESIGN STRENGTH
Buckling Curves

0.9
a
0.8
b
0.7
c
0.6
d
fcd/fy

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Lamda

TABLE 7.1 IMPERFECTION FACTOR, α

Buckling Class a b c d
 0.21 0.34 0.49 0.76

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 7.2 Effective Length of Compression Members
Boundary Conditions  
Effective
Length
At one end At the other end
Schematic
represen
-tation
Translation Rotation Translation Rotation

Restrained Restrained Free Free  

2.0L
Free Restrained Restrained Free

Free Restrained Free 1.0L

Restrained Restrained Free Restrained   1.2L

Restrained Restrained Free   0.8L

Restrained Restrained Restrained   0.65 L

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 STEPS IN THE DESIGN OF
AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

Design steps:
• Assume a suitable trial section.
• Arrive at the effective length of the column.
• Calculate the slenderness ratios.

0  0.2 E
fy

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 STEPS IN THE DESIGN OF
AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

• Calculate e values along both major and minor axes.

• Calculate  = [( - 0)],

• Calculate  and c
.

• Compute the load that the compression member

can resist (c A).

• Check.

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 BEHAVIOUR OF ANGLE COMPRESSION MEMBERS
• Angles under compression U V
– Concentric loading - Axial force
1. Local buckling
2. Flexural buckling about v-v axis V U
3. Torsional - Flexural buckling about u-u axis
– Eccentric loading - Axial force & bi-axial moments
– Most practical case
– May fail by bi-axial bending or FTB U V
– (Equal 1, 2, 3 & Unequal 1, 3)

V U

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 Complexity in analysis and design
 Eccentric Loading
 Effect of end restraint
 Principal axes do not
coincide with geometric
axis
Axial compression &
bi-axial bending
•Type of Connection
One bolt
Multiple bolt
Weld
•Rotational restraint
provided by gusset
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 FAILURE
Flexural torsional buckling
PARAMETERS TO BE CONSIDERED
• Primary parameters
– L/r ratio Weld or 2B or
– b/t ratio multiple bolted
– Type of connection
• Secondary parameters
– Effect of connection length Single bolted
– Effect of gusset thickness

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 CURRENT DESIGN PRACTICE

• Two approaches
– Treat the angle as an equivalent concentrically
loaded column
• Modifying effective length
• Reducing axial capacity
– Treat angle as a pin ended beam-column

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 ANGLE STRUT DESIGN METHOD

Basic compressive strength curve

• Curve C of Eurocode 3
• Slenderness Ratio:
concentric loading kL/r
Single leg Connection (kl/r)eq
Equivalent normalised slenderness ratio
  k1  k 2   k 3 
2
e
2
vv
2


Where, k1, k2, k3 are constants to account for different end

conditions and type of angle.
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 Where, k1, k2, k3 are constants to account
for different end conditions and type of
angle.
k2 is calculated using,
  r n

2


k 2  c 0  c 1 1   x  


 r   (unequal angles)
   y   
k 2 = c0 (equal angles)
 l 

 r 

vv   vv 
 2E

250
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  b1  b2 
 
 E2

 2t
250
Where
L = laterally unsupported length of the member
rvv = radius of gyration about the minor axis
b1, b2 = width of the two legs of the angle
t = thickness of the leg
ε = yield stress ratio ( 250/fy)0.5

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7.5.1.2 ECCENTRICALLY LOADED SINGLE ANGLE
COMPRESSION MEMBERS
k1, k2, k3 = constants depending upon the end condition

e  k1  k 2 2vv  k32
 KL 

 r 
  
 b1  b2 
vv   vv 

 2E  2E
   2t
250 250
No. of bolts at Gusset/Connec
the each end -ting member k1 k2 k3
connection Fixity†

Fixed 0.20 0.35 20

>2
Hinged 0.70 0.60 5

Fixed 0.75 0.35 20

1
Hinged 1.25 0.50 60

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PROPOSED METHOD WITH FEA RESULTS

Equal angles (Pmax/Pcode )

No. of Double bolted Single bolted

bolts specimens specimens

Gusset
Fixity Fixed Hinged Fixed Hinged
Mean 1.01 1.06 1.04 1.05
 0.048 0.034 0.06 0.08
Max. 1.11 1.12 1.17 1.15
Min. 0.92 0.95 0.94 0.89

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 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR
LACED AND BATTENED COLUMNS

(a) Single Lacing (b) Double Lacing (c) Battens

Built-up column members
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 LACED AND BATTENED COLUMNS

7.6.1.5 The effective slenderness ratio, (KL/r)e = 1.05 (KL/r)0,

to account for shear deformation effects.

7.7.1.4 The effective slenderness ratio of battened column, shall be

taken as 1.1 times the (KL/r)0, where (KL/r)0 is the maximum actual
slenderness ratio of the column, to account for shear deformation
effects.

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 7.4 COLUMN BASES

t s  2.5 w (a  0.3b ) m 0 / f y
2 2
 tf

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 SUMMARY
7.1 Design Strength
7.2 Effective Length of Compression Members
7.3 Design Details
7.4 Column Bases
7.5 Angle Struts
7.6 Laced Columns
7.7 Battened Columns
7.8 Compression Members Composed of Two
Components Back-to-Back

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