GREEN CHEMISTRY &

NANOCHEMISTRY

Principles of Green Chemistry, Atom economy in

rearrangement, addition, substitution and
elimination reactions, Green Ibuprofen synthesis,
Zeolites, Nanomaterials: synthesis, properties
and application.

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 What is Nano ?

Nanoscience is the study of objects measured in nanometers (1-100

nm). The materials having at least one dimension in the nanoscale
are called nanomaterials.

– 1-billionth of a meter
– ~80,000 times smaller than the diameter of a single human hair
– New properties emerge at the nanoscale
• Size and shape matter
Closer Look at a Human Hair

Width of this line is 100 nm

 What Is A Nanometer?

Hair
Penny
100 mm
2 cm

(m) 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9

cm mm mm nm
Raindrop
1 mm
Red Blood Cell
5 mm
Size Matters

• It’s not just how big you are

• It’s what you can do with it

 Everything changes at the nano-scale

Physical Property Uses

Mechanical strength, toughness high strength, low weight

composites

Chemical bonding, reactivity chemical and biological

receptors or sensors

Thermal insulators, conductors high temperature or

high power applications

Electrical conductivity, ductility microelectronics

Optical absorption, reflectivity high bandwidth fibers

or waveguides
 Synthetic Approach of Nanomaterials
Top Down 1 km
Physical Method
Method
Physical

Bulk
1m
Bulkmetal
metal Subdivision
Subdivision Nanoparticle
Nanoparticle

1 mm

1 mm
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Bottom Up 1 nm 7
 APPLICATIONS
 Super fast/small computers
 Super strong materials
 Super Slippery Materials
 Tissue Engineering
 Drug Delivery
 Sensors
 Sunscreens
 Diagnostics
 Automobile Converters
 Self-Cleaning Windows
• Burn and wound dressings
• Water filtration
• Catalysis
• A dental-bonding agent
• Step assists on vans.
• Coatings for easier cleaning glass
• Bumpers and catalytic converters on cars
• Protective and glare-reducing coatings for
eyeglasses and cars
• Longer-lasting tennis balls.
• Light-weight, stronger tennis racquets.
• Stain-free clothing and mattresses.
• Ink.
Sporting Goods
Cosmetics, Clothes and Food
Nanoscience in Nature
Mother Nature
Mankind has always found inspiration in
Mother Nature. Today developing
technologies allow us to probe and better understand
the nanoscience of Mother Nature.
Why Don’t Water Striders Get Wet?
The microhairs on their feet are ‘nano-groovy’ !

Microhairs

Nanogrooves on
microhairs
 Sticky Spider Toes
Water strider toes help keep it dry, but this spider’s toes help make him sticky!

These are the single hairs (setae) that make up the tuft of
hair on the bottom of a jumping spider’s foot.

This picture, magnified 8750x, shows the very dense

nanosized setules on the underside of just one of those
many seta (hairs) shown in the picture above.
 How sticky?
One dime-sized spot could lift a child weighing 45 pounds

Adhesive force in one foot =

100 newtons

500,000 hairs per toe

Hundreds of nanoprojections
(spatulae) per hair
 Lots of nano-toes!
Beetles and flies also have nanostructures that help them stick to walls, ceilings and what
appear to be smooth surfaces.

http://shasta.mpi-stuttgart.mpg.de/research/Bio-tribology.htm
Nature uses Light on the Nanoscale
 Could Color Be Nanoscopic?

The colors of beetle and butterfly wings come from the

scattering of light.
Light hits the nanostructures on their scales. These These nanostructures
nanostructures are typically smaller than the don’t just make me
pretty. They also
wavelengths of visible light keep me clean by
shedding water and
dirt!

http://pubs.acs.org/cen/critter/butterfly.html
Color Can Be Iridescent, Too!

Thin films are made of nanoparticles, smaller than 400

nanometers, that produce iridescent (rainbow-like) colors
when light strikes them.

Iridescent colors change when you look at the object from

different angles.
http://acept.la.asu.edu/PiN/rdg/interfere/interfere.shtml
http://www.ptfe.gatech.edu/faculty/mohan/MSLAB-research-nanobiooptics.htm
 Jellyfish Lights

A jellyfish-type invertebrate, called a

siphonophore, uses red
bioluminescent lures created at the
nanoscale to attract prey.

http://www.coml.org/medres/high2005/highlightimages.htm
 Hippo Sweat Nanoscience?

Hippo sweat contains

compounds that absorb light
in the range of 200 – 600
nanometers. This compound
protects the hippo’s skin like
sunscreen.

One of the compounds in hippo sweat, hipposudoric acid, inhibits

bacterial growth and is hydrophilic, too. Can you think of ways the
hippo benefits from these properties?
http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/8222/8222notw9.html