TOPIC 1 :

INTRODUCTION
TO COMPUTERS
AND COMPUTER
SYSTEM
CSC116 - INTRODUCTION TO
COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING

BY: MADAM NAWAL BINTI

ABDUL RAZAK
1
LESSON OUTCOMES
Overview and Basic Modern
History of Components Computer
Computers of the Von System and
• From 0 to the Neumann Hardware in
Latest Machine Brief
Generations • Input, Output, • System Unit,
Processor, Input Output,
Memory, Storage Storage, Network
and
Communication

2
OVERVIEW AND
HISTORY OF See Video

COMPUTERS 3
 0TH GENERATION
Period Technology Inventor/invention
1642 - Mechanical Era Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)
1940 was the son of a tax collector and a mathematical genius. He designed the
first mechanical calculator (Pascaline) based on gears. It performed “+”
and “-”.
Gottfried von Leibnitz (1646-1716)
was a German mathematician and built the first calculator to do “*” and “/”
(Stepped Reckoner). It was not reliable due to accuracy of contemporary
parts.
Charles Babbage (1792-1872)
“Analytical Engine”
Had 4 components – the store (memory), the mill (computation unit), the
input section (punched card reader), the output section (punched & printed
outputs)
John V.Atanasoff and Clifford Berry
ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer)
First totally electronic digital computer

4
Blaise Pascal Gottfried von Leibnitz

Charles Babbage John V.Atanasoff and Clifford Berry

5
 1ST GENERATION
Period Technology Inventor/invention Main Features Types of
computer
1940 - Vacuum tube • ENIAC (Electronic • Vacuum tube • ENIAC
1955 • Use vacuum tubes for Numerical Integrator technology • EDVAC
circuitry & magnetic and • Unreliable • IAS
drums for memory Computer) • Supported machine • UNIVAC
• Vacuum tubes • John W.Mauchly and J. language only • IBM-701
• Size is bulky/very large Presper Eckert • Very costly • IBM-650
• Made from glass • First all-electronic • Generated lot of heat
• Fragile digital computer • Slow input and output
• Short-lived (heat- • EDVAC, IAS and devices
burned out) UNIVAC I (first • Huge size
• Use a great deal of commercially • Need of A.C.
electricity–very available computer) • Non-portable
expensive • Consumed lot of
• Computers relied on machine electricity
language & could only solve
one problem at a time
• Input: punched cards & paper
tape
• Output: displayed on
printouts

CSC116 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING 6

ENIAC EDVAC
UNIVAC IAS Machine

CSC116 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING 7

2ND GENERATION
Period Technology Inventor/invention Main Features Types of
computer
1955- Transistor • Made of specially treated • Use of transistors • IBM 1620
1965 silicon which • Reliable in comparison to first • IBM 7094
controlled the flow of generation computers • CDC 6600
electric current • Smaller size as compared to • CDC 3600
• Generated less heat & first generation computers • UNIVAC 1108
wouldn’t burn out • Generated less heat as
• Allow computers to compared to first generation
become smaller, faster, computers
cheaper, & more energy- • Consumed less electricity as
efficient than before compared to first generation
∴ more reliable than computers
vacuum tubes • Faster than first generation
• Use assembly languages computers
- allow • Still very costly
programmers to • A.C. needed
specify instructions • Supported machine and
in words assembly languages

CSC116 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING 8

IBM 7094
CDC 6600
CSC116 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING 9
3RD GENERATION
Period Technology Inventor/invention Main Features Types of computer
1965 - Integrated • The computers of third generation • More reliable in • IBM-360 series
1980 Circuit based used comparison to • Honeywell-6000
integrated circuits (IC's) in previous two series
place of transistors. A single IC generations • PDP(Personal
has many transistors, • Smaller size Data Processor)
resistors and capacitors along • Generated less • IBM-370/168
with the associated circuitry. The heat • TDC-316
IC was invented by • Faster
Jack Kilby. This development • Lesser
made computers smaller in size, maintenance
reliable and efficient. In • Still costly
this generation remote • A.C needed
processing, time-sharing, multi- • Consumed
programming operating lesser electricity
system were used. High-level • Supported high-
languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, level language
COBOL, PASCAL PL/1,
BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were
used during this generation.
CSC116 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING 10
CSC116 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING 11
4TH GENERATION
Period Technology Inventor/invention Main Features Types of computer
1980 - VLSI • Microprocessors *(VLSI) • VLSI technology • DEC 10
Present microprocessor • Thousands of ICs built used • STAR 1000
based onto a single chip • Very cheap • PDP 11
• Could be mass • Portable and • CRAY-1(Super
produced (PCs) reliable Computer)
• Computers become even • Use of PC's • CRAY-X-
smaller & more powerful • Very small size MP(Super
• GUIs, mouse, handheld • Pipeline Computer)
devices processing
• Open architecture • No A.C. needed
• The hardware design • Concept of
was made available to internet was
anyone introduced
• Anyone could write • Great
software or build developments in
hardware the fields of
networks
• Computers
became easily
available
CSC116 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING 12
5TH GENERATION
Period Technology Inventor/invention Main Features Types of computer
Present - ULSI 1) Artificial Intelligence • ULSI technology • Desktop
Beyond Technology • Goal: to develop devices that • Development of true • Laptop
respond to natural language artificial intelligence • NoteBook
input & are capable of • Development of • UltraBook
learning & self-organize Natural language • ChromeBook
• Robotics processing
• Nano-technology • Advancement in
• Anything smaller than Parallel Processing
Microtechnology • Advancement in
Superconductor
2) Age of Connectivity technology
• Release of WWW standards • More user friendly
in 1991 ∴possible to connect interfaces with
computers all over the world multimedia features
• Shift towards technology • Availability of very
that focuses on mobility powerful and compact
(wireless revolution) computers at cheaper
rates

CSC116 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING 13

 1. State
QUIZ generation
of Answer:
computer.
2. 1st
generation Answer:

3. 2nd
generation Answer:

4. 3rd
generation: Answer

4. 4th
generation. Answer
CSC116 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING 14
 BASIC
COMPONENTS OF
THE VON NEUMANN
MACHINE
CSC116 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING 15
STORED PROGRAM
CONCEPT
John von Neumann
A genius who spoke many languages, was an expert in the physical
sciences & mathematics, & had a total recall of everything he ever heard,
saw, or read
A consultant on the ENIAC project
Proposed significant improvements over the ENIAC design
 EDVAC and IAS

CSC116 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING 16

VON NEUMANN
ARCHITECTURE
THE PRINCIPLES :

Data & instructions are both stored in main memory while being processed
Sequential processing of instructions
Binary data processing
Consists of CPU, memory, & I/O system

CSC116 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING 17

 VON NEUMANN
ARCHITECTURE
A more complete view of the computer system architecture that integrates
interaction (human or otherwise) consists of:

CSC116 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING 18

VON NEUMANN
ARCHITECTURE
A central processing unit (CPU); it contains the control unit (CU),
arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) and Interface unit

 ALU: arithmetic/logic unit

 Performs arithmetic and Boolean logical calculations
 CU: control unit
 Controls processing of instructions
 Controls movement of data within the CPU
 Interface unit
 Moves instructions and data between the CPU and other hardware components
 Bus: bundle of wires that carry signals and power between different components

CSC116 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING 19

VON NEUMANN
ARCHITECTURE
Memory : Short-term storage for CPU calculations, Holds both
instructions and data of a computer program
Input devices: keyboard, mouse, scanner, punch cards
Output devices: monitor, printer, fax machine
Storage: hard drive, optical media, diskettes, magnetic tape
Bus: bundle of wires that carry signals and power between
different components

CSC116 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING 20

VON NEUMANN
ARCHITECTURE
In the von Neumann architecture, a small set of circuits can be driven to
perform very different tasks, depending on the software program, which is
executed.

• The primary function of a CPU is to execute the instructions fetch from the main memory.
• An instruction tells the CPU to perform one of its basic operations.
• The CU is the one which interprets the instruction to be executed and which ‘tells’ the
different other components of what to do.
• The CPU includes a set of registers, which are temporary storage devices typically used to
hold

CSC116 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING 21

 MODERN
COMPUTER SYSTEM
AND HARDWARE IN
BRIEF
CSC116 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING 22
 WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of
instructions stored in its own memory, that can accept data, process the
data according to specified rules, produce results, and store the results
for future use.

In brief, it is a device that receives, stores, and processes information

23
CSC116 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING
 THE COMPONENTS OF A
COMPUTER

Hardw Softwa Compu

are re ter

• Device that • Step-by-step instructions

processes data to that tell the computer how
create to do its work.
information (ex: • It is also called a program.
input, output, • It’s purpose to convert data
storage and to useful information
processing
CSC116 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING 24
devices)
 COMPUTER HARDWARE
A computer contains many electric, electronic, and mechanical
components known as hardware

• Allows you to enter data and instructions into a

Input Device computer

• Hardware component that conveys information to one or

Output Devic more people
e
• Case that contains the electronic components of the
System Unit computer that are used to process data

• Records (writes) and/or retrieves (reads) items to and

Storage Devi from storage media
ce
• Enables a computer to send and receive data,
Communicati instructions, and information to and from one or more
ons Device computers or mobile devices

CSC116 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING 25

COMMON DESKTOP
HARDWARE

CSC116 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING 26

COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Software, also called a program, tells the computer what tasks to
perform and how to perform them

• provides an environment for user to

System Software execute the application software.
• Operating system•Enables the application software to
• Utility program interact with computer hardware.
•Eg. Operating System

Application Software
• end user software.
• A program that performs a
• General-purposed common task to the user.
• Specialized •Eg. Word, Excel.
• Apps

CSC116 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING 27

 NETWORKS AND THE
INTERNET
A network is a collection of
computers and devices connected
together, often wirelessly, via
communications devices and
transmission media

The Internet is a worldwide

collection of networks that connects
millions of businesses, government
agencies, educational institutions,
and individuals

CSC116 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING 28

TYPES OF COMPUTER

Supercomp Mainframe
uters computers

Midrange Personal
computers computers

CSC116 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING 29

SUPERCOMPUTERS
A supercomputer is the fastest, most powerful computer
 Fastest supercomputers are capable of processing more than one quadrillion
instructions in a single second

CSC116 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING 30

MAINFRAME COMPUTERS
A mainframe is a large, expensive, powerful computer that can
handle hundreds or thousands of connected users simultaneously
 occupy specially wired, air-conditioned rooms and capable of great processing
speeds and data storage

CSC116 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING 31

MIDRANGE COMPUTERS
A midrange computers or servers are computers with
processing capabilities less powerful than a mainframe computer
yet more powerful than a personal computer.
 controls access to the hardware, software, and other resources on a network
 provides a centralized storage area for programs, data, and information

CSC116 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING 32

PERSONAL COMPUTERS
A personal computer can perform all of its input, processing,
output, and storage activities by itself.
There are five types of personal computers: desktops, laptops,
tablets, smartphones, and wearables.

CSC116 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING 33

THANK YOU
CSC116 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING 34