Presented By:

Gaurav Kumar
B.Tech, 3 Year
1709720905
•Power Quality (PQ) related issues are of most concern
nowadays.
•Due to non-linearity of loads there is a
disturbance in
voltage waveforms.
•These loads are electronic equipments, adjustable
speed drives, PLCs etc.
•When a disturbance occurs, huge financial losses may happen,
with the consequent loss of productivity and competitiveness.
• The most critical areas are the continuous
process industries and the information technology services.
• Proliferation of highly sensitive computerized equipment places
more stringent demands on PQ

-Semiconductor industry

-Computers and computer-related businesses

-Variable-speed drives or robots

-Programmable logic controllers

• Electronic equipment results in more PQ problems

Voltage sags

Major causes: faults, starting of large loads, and brown-out

recovery

Major consequences: shorts, accelerated aging, loss of data

or stability, process interrupt, etc.
Capacitor switching transients

Major causes: a power factor correction method

Major consequences: insulation breakdown or spark over,

semiconductor device damage, shorts, accelerated aging, loss of
data or stability
Harmonics

Major causes: power electronic equipment, arcing,

transformer saturation

Major consequences: equipment overheating, high voltage/current,

protective device operations
Lightning transients

Major causes: lightning strikes

Major consequences:
insulation breakdown or spar k
over, semiconductor device
damage, shorts, accelerated
aging, loss of data or stability
High impedance faults
(One of the-most difficult power system protection
problems)

Major causes: fallen conductors, trees (fail to establish

a permanent return path)

Major consequences: fire, threats to personal safety

High Impedance Fault (RMS)
Noise

Description: Superimposing of high frequency signals on

the waveform of the power-system frequency.

Causes: Electromagnetic interferences provoked by

Hertzian waves such as microwaves, television diffusion,
and radiation due to welding machines, arc furnaces,
and electronic equipment

Consequences: Disturbances on sensitive electronic equipment,

usually not destructive. May cause data loss
and data processing errors.
 THE MITIGATION OF PQ PROBLEMS
MAY TAKE PLACE AT DIFFERENT
LEVELS
Power Quality
Events

Distributio Power End-

Transmission Distributio quality
n use
n interfac
resources devices
e

Develop Develop
Develop Make end-
Assured grid advanced enhanced
codes use
adequacy interface
and devices
distributed devices
standards less
•Many PQ problems have origin in the transmission or distribution
grid.

•Proper transmission and distribution grid, with adequate planning

and maintenance, is essential to minimize the occurrence of PQ
problems.
•Use of distributed energy resources (DER) has increased
substantially due of their potential to provide increased
reliability.

•Includes distributed generation and energy storage

systems.

•Energy storage systems, also known as restoring

technologies,

•It is used to provide the electric loads with ride-through

capability in poor PQ environment.
Fig – Restoring technologies
principle

Fig – Working principle of an energy

storage
• Electrochemical battery

• Flywheels

• Super capacitors

•Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)

•It is an electromechanical device that couples a rotating
electric machine (motor/generator) with a rotating mass to
store energy for short durations.

•Traditional flywheel rotors are constructed of steel and have

speed of few thousand rpm whereas advance ones are made up
of carbon fiber and have speed of 40,000 to 60,000 rpm

•They provide power during a period between power supply

failure and the start of a back up generator (diesel)
Fig – A
Flywheel
•Ultra capacitors are DC energy sources

•must be interfaced to the electric

grid with a static power conditioner

•provides power during short

duration
interruptions or voltage sags.

•medium size capacitors are available

commercially, large size capacitors are
still in development. Capacity is 50 to
60 J/g

F
• Dynamic Voltage Restorer - The Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is a
power electronic device that is used to inject 3-phase voltage in series
and in synchronism with the distribution feeder voltages in order to
compensate for voltage sag.
• Transient Voltage Surge suppressors (TVSS)- These are used to
describe electrical devices typically installed in power distribution
panels, process control systems,communications systems, and other
heavy-duty industrial systems, for the purpose of protecting against
electrical surges and spikes, including those caused by lightning. 

• Constant Voltage Transformers-If relatively large changes in

input voltage result in small changes in output voltage. Constant Voltage
Transformer is also called voltage regulator. CVT is used in tank circuit
specially made of high voltage winding and capacitor to deliver
uninterrupted average output with unstable input.
• Noise Filters- Filter Out Unwanted Electrical Noise with Capacitor. In
general, filters are used to remove unwanted parts of a signal. They may
be used, for instance, to block undesirable frequencies emitted near a radio
receiver (i.e. to reduce radiated radio frequency interference).
• Isolation Transformers- Advantage of isolation transformers is that they
reduce power surges. Electrical equipment can run smoothly without the risk
of power surges because the DC signals from a power source are isolated.
This means that equipment can function at a high level even if there is
a power malfunction.
• Static VAR Compensators- SVCs are used in two main situations:
Connected to the power system, to regulate the transmission voltage
("Transmission SVC")
Connected near large industrial loads, to improve power quality ("Industrial
SVC")
• Harmonic Filters- Three-phase harmonic filters are shunt elements that
are used in power systems for decreasing voltage distortion and for power
factor correction. Nonlinear elements such as power electronic converters
generate harmonic currents or harmonic voltages, which are injected into
•Designing the equipment to be less sensitive to disturbances is
usually the most cost effective measure to prevent PQ problems.

•Adding a capacitor with a larger capacity to power supplies,

using cables with larger neutral conductors, de-rating
transformers and adjusting under voltage relays,
are measures that could be taken by manufacturers to reduce the
sensitivity of equipment to PQ problems
THANK
YOU