Tourism Concepts and Practices

Tourism
concepts and Practices

Chapter 6
Tourism Planning
and Sustainable
Development
Tourism: Concepts and Practices Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

John Walker | Josielyn T. Walker All Rights Reserved
Introduction
• Planning:
– Selecting various goals and strategies to
ensure they are accomplished
• In organizations, executives determine
where the organization is and where it
wants to go
– Goals are established for each of the
key operating areas

Figure 6–1 Elements of
Efficient and Effective Tourism
Development

Introduction (cont’d)
• Planning:
– May be short term (tactical or
operational planning) or long term
(strategic planning)
– Begins with strategic planning
• Tourism master plan
– Starts with an environmental scan that assesses
social-cultural, technological, economic,
educational, political, and legal factors

• Sustainable development:
– Development that meets present needs
without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own
needs
• All tourism development should be planned
to be sustainable

• Effective tourism planning:
– Necessary for harmony in development
– Helps ensure fair and sustainable
policies are enacted
– Help ensure the location avoids decline
by prolonging its maturity phase
– Requires public and private sector
interaction

• Without proper tourism planning
destinations encounter problems
– Overdevelopment
– Pollution and sewage disposal problems
• Environmental scanning
– Analytical process
• Allows investors and executives to anticipate
trends and allocate resources accordingly

Planning as Part of a System
• Edward Inskeep
– Demand factors
• Created by use of attractions, facilities, and
services
– Supply factors
• Transportation, infrastructure, water,
electric, sewage disposal, attractions,
accommodations, foodservice, facilities,
services, and industrial elements

Figure 6–2 A Tourism
Planning Framework

(cont’d)
• Approaches to planning:
– Community-focused approach
• Incorporates community opinions
– Sustainable approach
• Avoids environmental and cultural
degradation

(cont’d)
• Approaches to planning:
– Systems Approach
• Tourism as a complete and integrated
system
– Governmental approach
• Governments involved with several aspects

Planning Premises
• International planning premises
– Many are derived from World Tourism
Conferences
• Joint Declaration of the United Nations
World Tourism Organization
• United Nations Environment Program
(UNEP)

Principles for Development
• Gunn and Turgut
– Goals for tourism planning:
• Enhanced visitor satisfaction
• Developing infrastructures and providing
recreation facilities for visitors and residents
• Improved economy and business success
• Sustainable resource use
• Community and area integration

Government Involvement
• Necessary in tourism planning and
development in several areas,
including:
– Policy
– Regulations
– Obtaining finances
– Issuing/monitoring loans
– Resource management
– Superstructure and infrastructure

(cont’d)
including:
– Transportation
– International treaties
– Recording and publishing information

(cont’d)
including:
– Human resource development
– Training
– Health care
– Sanitation

Planning at a National Level
• Edward Inskeep recommends
national level of tourism planning
focus on:
– Tourism policy
– Physical structure plan
– Major infrastructure considerations
– Tourism organizational structures,
legislation, and investment policies

(cont’d)
focus on:
– Overall tourism marketing strategies
and promotion programs
– Education and training programs
– Facility development and design
standards

(cont’d)
focus on:
– Sociocultural, environmental, and
economic considerations and impact
analyses
– National-level implementation
techniques
– Land use planning

Regional Development
Elements
• Claire Gunn, elements necessary for
regional development:
– Natural resources
– Cultural resources
– Viable service communities
– Access
– Markets
– Favorable development image

Regional Development
Elements (cont’d)
• Claire Gunn, elements necessary for
regional development:
– Local acceptance of tourism
– Favorable government controls
– Available land for development
– Availability of entrepreneurs and
managers
– Availability of labor
– Availability of finances

Unsuccessful Development
• Many nations have regarded tourism
as an economic quick fix
– Results in:
• Overtouristed destinations
• Overburdened facilities
• Overbuilding of hotels
• Polluted beaches
• Cultural conflict
• Dissatisfied tourist

Sustainable Development
• United Nations first coined the term
sustainable development in 1972
– Used it to stress responsible actions in
development projects
• Key concepts:
– Meeting needs of visitors and
communities
– Protecting the tourism attraction as part
of a national economic resource
Sustainable Development
(cont’d)
• Tourism must improve the quality of
life of the host population
– Conserving and protecting natural
surroundings
• Community-based tourism:
– Focuses on community involvement
• Quality tourism:
– Offers tourists “good value for money”

UNWTO Indicators
• Function as management and
planning tools for tourism
development
– General core indicators
• Can be applied to all destinations
– Destination-specific indicators
• Can be applied to particular ecosystems or
types of tourism at a particular site,
location, or destination

UNWTO Indicators (cont’d)
• Subcategories:
– Ecosystem-specific indicators
• For example, for coastal areas, parks and
protected areas, or mountainous areas
– Site-specific indicators
• Developed for one specific site

• Identifying and measuring indicators
allows you to:
– See specific cause-and-effect
relationships
• Identify and prevent/mitigate emerging
issues
• Identify impacts before they are problematic

• Identifying and measuring indicators
allows you to:
– See specific cause-and-effect
relationships
• Support sustainable tourism development
while identifying limits and opportunities
• Promote management accountability and
responsible decision making

Figure 6–4 The Core Indicators of Sustainable Tourism
Source: United Nations World Tourism Organization, What Tourism
Managers Need to Know (Madrid, Spain: UNWTO, 2004), 11–21. ©
UNWTO. 9284404409.

Composite Indices
• Made up of core indicators and
ecosystem-specific indicators
– Combined into a single measure of
sustainability that can be monitored

Tourism
Source: United Nations World
Tourism Organization.
www.UNWTO.org, © UNWTO.
9284404409.

Supplementary Indicators
• Ecosystem-specific indicators
– Coastal zones and mountain regions
– Managed wildlife park and unique
ecological sites
– Urban environments
– Cultural sites and small islands
• Site-specific management indicators
– Designed for application at one specific
site

Figure 6–6 Ecosystem-Specific Indicator—Coastal Zones
Source: United Nations World Tourism Organization. ©
UNWTO. 9284404409.


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Tourism

concepts and Practices

Tourism: Concepts and Practices Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Tourism: Concepts and Practices Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Tourism: Concepts and Practices Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Tourism: Concepts and Practices Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Tourism: Concepts and Practices Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Tourism: Concepts and Practices Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Tourism: Concepts and Practices Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Tourism: Concepts and Practices Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Tourism: Concepts and Practices Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Tourism: Concepts and Practices Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Tourism: Concepts and Practices Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Tourism: Concepts and Practices Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Tourism: Concepts and Practices Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Tourism: Concepts and Practices Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Tourism: Concepts and Practices Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Tourism: Concepts and Practices Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Tourism: Concepts and Practices Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Tourism: Concepts and Practices Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Tourism: Concepts and Practices Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Tourism: Concepts and Practices Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Tourism: Concepts and Practices Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Tourism: Concepts and Practices Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Tourism: Concepts and Practices Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Tourism: Concepts and Practices Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Tourism: Concepts and Practices Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Tourism: Concepts and Practices Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Tourism: Concepts and Practices Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Tourism: Concepts and Practices Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Tourism: Concepts and Practices Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Tourism: Concepts and Practices Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Tourism: Concepts and Practices Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Tourism: Concepts and Practices Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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