VERTICAL HYDRO-

GENERATORS:
measurements included to
the technical condition
management systems

PRIMER

Ryszard.Nowicki@ge.com
607151-NC
 CONTENT:
1. THRUST BEARING / OIL FILM THICKNESS
2. ROTOR VERTICAL POSITION
3. ROTOR RADIAL POSITION and DYNAMICS (XY)

t
en
4. MONITORING OF SEAL RINGS

um
5. HYDRO GAP ( BLADE TIP–to-CHAMBER GAP )

c
6. AIR GAP ( GENERATOR ROTOR – STATOR )

do
7. SEISMIC MEASUREMENTS of mech. components

is
th
8. GENERATOR: FRAME (or CASE) VIBRATIONS (& POS.)

in
9. GENERATOR: CORE VIBRATIONS

d
se
10. GENERATOR: BAR VIBRATIONS

us
11. GENERATOR: END-WINDING VIBRATIONS

sc
12. TEMPERATURE: BEARINGS

di
13. TEMPERATURE: STATOR and COOLING AIR

e
ar
14. TEMPERATURE: ROTOR POLES

s
ic
15. PARTIAL DISCHARGES

p
to
16. AIR GAP MAGNETIC FLUX

ed
17. CAVITATIONS

lin
18. WATER PRESSURE (STATIC & DYNAMIC)

er
nd
19. WICKET GATE POSITION
20. Keyphasor U
21. Creep Detection
22. Sole Plate Monitoring
23. Rotor Current Brush Monitoring
24. Process Variables (& Symptoms)

Back
Back Es
Es
GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE cc #607151-14 p. 6
 POSITION MEASUREMENTS: Thrust Bearing Position

Goals of the Suggested transducers

measurements: 141. If #111: 3300XL 11mm or 3300XL
111. To cheek rotor vertical position in the thrust
bearing section 25mm
142. If #112: 3300XL 8mm
112. To check Oil-Thickness between thrust bearing
segments and rotor collar.
Questions:
An example of
121. Type of design of the thrust bearing support (springs ? installation
bellows ?). 151. For #111
122. What is rotor vertical movement in a case of the thrust
bearing failure?
123. Which of the above goals have to be achieved? ( how
many transducers to use )

Comments:

131. If #111:
1. Number of used transducers: 1...4
152. For #112
2. Rotor vertical movement in a failure condition of the
thrust bearing determines requested range of used
transducers.
3. Transducers fixed to rigid points control rotor collar
position.
4. If more than 1 transducer used fix them evenly
distributed around
132. If #112:
1. Transducers fixed to several bearing segments (e.g.
3)
2. Transducer fixed from side of the trailing edge. Es
Es
Back
Back
GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE cc #607151-14 p. 7
 POSITION MEASUREMENTS: Rotor Vertical Position

A goal of the Suggested transducers

measurement: 241. 3300XL 25mm UNDERWATER PROBES P/N
211. To check the rotor vertical position against of
turbine chamber far away from the thrust 174985  to 500 psi (34 Bar)
position bearing.
Questions:
221. What is construction of the thrust bearing ?
A place of a transducer
222. How big is technological movement of the rotor
installation
?

Comments:

231. The measurement has to be provided as low of

the turbine rotor as possible (near the turbine
baring usually)
232. One transducer is used (usually) The
233. Operation range of the chosen transducer lowest
should be wider than rotor movement that can
happen over the thrust bearing failure coupling
condition; technological movement of the rotor
should be considered as well
234. The same transducer would be helpful in
Controlle
recognition of some additional problems with d plane
rotor condition such as:
1. A crack of the main shaft
2. Cracks of coupling screws
Therefore both (static and dynamic) signal
components should be included to the monitoring (+
protection) system. Es
Back Es
235. Comparing with THRUST POSITION (in the NO Back cc #607151-14 p. 8
GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE
 POSITION and MECHANICAL VIBRATIONRotor Radial Position and Dynamics
MEASUREMENTS:
Goals of the Suggested transducers
measurements: 341. 3300XL 11mm (or 3300XL 8mm)
311. To check the turbine rotor radial positions
312. To check the turbine rotor radial dynamics.
Examples of
installation
351. RELATIVE rotor radial measurements
Questions:
321. What type of turbine is it ?
322. What measurements should be provided; ROTOR
RELATIVE or ROTOR ABSOLUTE ?
323. Is it UNDER or OVER CRITICAL unit ?
324. What type of the turbine radial bearing is used:
METALLIC or RUBBER ?

Comments:

331. Number of radial measurements is usually equal to 352. ABSOLUTE rotor radial measurements
number of bearings in the case of the UNDER CRITICAL
unit
332. For the OVER – CRITICAL units one additional plane of
XY-measurements should be used (the best in the
middle between GENERATOR and TURBINE bearing.
333. Operation range of a chosen transducer type should be
wider than than RADIAL rotor movements in same
bearing (or its support) failure conditions
334. Keyphasor signal is additionally requested for these
measurements
335. It can be a problem to provide measurements as shown
#352 for TURBINE BEARING because of much bigger
construction diameters than for GENERATOR BEARING Es
Es
Back
Back
GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE cc #607151-14 p. 9
 POSITION and MECHANICAL VIBRATIONRotor Radial Position and Dynamics
MEASUREMENTS:
Comments to
measurements:
mcdxi. The monitoring dynamic channels of the
3500/46 can provide various signal estimations.
SMAX
It needs to be
checked:
mcdxxi.What signal estimations are requested by
end user ?
mcdxxii.......

Warning:

mcdxxxi. Some of European users request to provide

monitoring and protection system with S MAX
measurements.
i. 3500 SYSTEM has the feature only for 3500/40
and 3500/42 monitors
ii. We do not provide Smax availability for 3500/46

Es
Es
Back
Back
GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE BN-014
cc #607151-14 p. 10
 MECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS { conditional Monitoring of Seal Rings
}:
A goal of the Suggested transducer
measurement: 441. 3300XL 11mm UNDERWATER PROBES P/N
411. To check the seal rings operation conditions.
148239
442. Before has been used 3300XL 11m with the
underwater MOD 147350. It provides longer
cable (14m or 17m) Area of transducer
Questions: installation
421. What is nominal clearance of the seal rings
422. What is the clearance in the worst failure
conditions of the rings?

Comments:

431. The measurement is

provided mostly for
the FRANCIS turbines
432. Seal condition
impacts on unit
efficiency operation
433. 2 transducers have to
be used in XY
configuration
434. Keyphasor signal
would be additionally
requested for these Es
Es
Back
Back
GE Companymeasurements
Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE cc #607151-14 p. 11
 POSITION MEASUREMENTS { conditional } : BLADE TIP-to-CHAMBER GAP

A goal of the Suggested transducer

measurements: 541. 3300XL 25mm UNDERWATER PROBES P/N
511. To check correctness of the turbine (or the
turbine blades) position against of the chamber 174985  to 500 psi (34 Bar)
wall 542. There is possibility to provide a 3300XL 25mm
with a MOD for higher pressure  6 MPa [~870
psi]) – the MOD dose not exist yet (if needed: refer to
Questions: INQUIRY #2070661)
Area of transducer
521. How many blades the turbine has installation
?
522. What is the static WATER
PRESSURE in the measurement
plane?
523. How wide is the blade tip ?
524. What material is used for blade
production ?
Comments:

531. The measurement is mostly used for the

KAPLAN turbines
532. Number of transducers is usually equal to the
number of blades
533. Transducers fixed to the chamber wall (along of
axis of available blade position changes) and
evenly distributed around (as teh blades)
534. Keyphasor signal is additionally requested for
these measurements and potential abnormality
recognition of a particular blade

Es
Es
Back
Back
GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE BN-005
cc #607151-14 p. 12
 POSITION and SHAPE MEASUREMENTS: AIR GAP - STATOR SENSORS

Goals of the Suggested transducers

611. measurements:
To get CIRCLE STATOR shape after assembling process (Stator Out
641. Depends on nominal AIR GAP
Of Round Sole Plate Issues)
612. Rotor Out Of Round Rim Problems 1. 400202 ( AIR GAP 20): 2....19 mm
613. To check SHAPE OF THE AIR GAP AFTER ASSEMBLING PROCESS 2. 400102 ( AIR GAP 50): 5....51 mm
614. Rotor – Stator Off Center Alignment of Shaft or Stator
615. To measure static and dynamic deformation of the stator and rotor
in various unit operation conditions
616. To detect AIR GAP significant irregularities to be able to correct
them and as consequences to avoid: excessive stresses, excessive
vibrations, split phase current (what prolongs generator outage). An example of
installation
651. STANDARD AIR GAP MEASUREMENT – from the STATOR
Questions:
621. What is rotor diameter and highest ?
622. What is nominal AIR GAP of the generator ?

Comments:

631. Number of AIR GAP transducers

is usually function of the rotor 652. NEW SOLUTION
diameter
632. Number of AIR PLANES of the AIR
GAP measurements is usually
633. function
For statorofheight
the stator highest
of more than 1,8 meters Air Gap sensors
and its be
should internal diameter.
placed on the lower side also.
634. If only one plane of the AIR GAP measurements is applicable
– it is upper generator part (what is less stiff !)
635. Keyphasor signal is additionally requested for the AIR GAP
measurements
636. Currently has been patented a new solution of AIR GAP
653. WIDER SOLUTION: additional AIR GAP measurement(s)
measurements (that looks to be significantly cheaper (see from the ROTOR transducers  next slide
#652)
637. Small Air Gap Es
– Decreased Generator Efficiency Es
–
GE Company Increased
Proprietary:Do Magnetic
NOT share Heating
the document in the PPTRotor And
or PDF file Stator
version out of GE cc #607151-14 p. 13
 POSITION and SHAPE MEASUREMENTS: AIR GAP - ROTOR SENSORS

Goals of the Suggested transducers

618. measurements:
To get better information about shape
645. Depends on nominal AIR GAP
1. 400202 ( AIR GAP 20): 2....19 mm
2. 400102 ( AIR GAP 50): 5....51 mm

An example of
installation
654. (STATOR &) ROTOR AIR GAP SENSORS
Questions:
625. .

Comments:

639. AIR GAP from the ROTOR-sensors need a

telemetry system.

Es
Es
Back
Back
GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE cc #607151-14 p. 14
 SEISMIC VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS:Bearing Housing and Crest Vibrations
A goal of the Suggested transducers
measurements:
711. Monitoring of the construction dynamics. 741. LFT P/N 330505
742. Velomitor CT
Questions: 743. VELOMITOR CT with the low frequency MOD 
if exists
721. What is nominal RPM ? (MOD #.....................)
722. For retrofitted units: what are the standard
points of the seismic vibration checking. Example of
installation

Comments:
731. A number of seismic measurements is usually correlated
with:
1. POWER of the unit (positive correlation)
2. RELIABILITY of the unit (negative correlation)
732. The applicable transducers should measure vibration
starting from ~20% of the nominal RPM
733. If it is NOT possible to follow the above rule (what can
happen for very low RPM) – let use what is the best from
a view point of transducer sensitivity and its frequency
operation band.
734. The transducers can be used for vibration
measurements of RADIAL and VERTICAL (=AXIAL)
vibrations
735. For radial transducers: Keep transducer orientation
parallel to the orientation of the RELATIVE VIBRATION
MEASUREMENT TRANSDUCERS
736. ISO 10816-5 requests measurements of Es
Es
DISPLACEMENTS for machinery speed below of 200 RPM Back
Back
GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE In-007_ABS cc #607151-14 p. 15
 VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS / GENERATOR
Frame Vibrations (or: Case Vibrations)
[1/2]:
A goal of the Suggested transducers
measurements: 841. Low-frequency accelerometer
811. To check the frame (segment) dynamics.
Vibrations are measured between: 842. Velocity transducer
1. the frame and the sole plate 843. (Eddy Current Transducers  relative
2. segments. measurements between segments)

Questions:
Area of a possible installation of the
821. How many segments transducers
the STATOR has ?
822. ... STATO
TORSEGME
EG NTCONNE
EN NNECTION– inte
CTIO rnal view
ternal

Comments:

831. Number of SEISMIC MEASUREMENTS is typically

correlated with number of the stator segments.
832. Transducers are localized close to connections
of the segments
833. Transducers are typically localized in top part
(because the one is less stiff than sole plat side)
of the SEGMENT (external wall as well as
internal one can be used)
834. Transducers have mostly radial orientation but
tangential one can be accepted [or additionally
requested], too GE Proprietary

Es
Es
835. Keyphasor signal can be helpful for some data
GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE BN-008
cc #607151-14 p. 16
 VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS / GENERATOR
Frame POSITION (or: Case POSITION)
[2/2]:
A goal of the Suggested transducers
measurements: 845. LVDT
815. To check the static frame deformation
846. Eddy Current Transducer (e.g. 25mm)

Questions:
Area of a possible installation of the
825. ... transducers

Comments:

837. Can be used transducers similar to applicable

for the „STEAM TURBINE CASE EXTENSIONS” .

Es
Es
Back
Back
GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE cc #607151-14 p. 17
 VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS / GENERATOR: Core Vibrations

A goal of the Suggested transducers

measurements: 941. Velocity transducer or low-frequency
911. To check the core dynamics (vibrations
mmeasured between CORE and FRAME) accelerometer

Questions:
Area of a possible transducer
installation

Comments:

931. Number of SEISMIC CORE MEASUREMENT

TRANSDUCERS is typically correlated with
number of the stator segments.
932. Transducer connection can not be done by
drilling
933. Keyphasor signal can be helpful for some data
processing from these transducers.

Es
Es
Back
Back
GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE Co-009
cc #607151-14 p. 18
 VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS / GENERATOR: Bar Vibrations

A goal of the Suggested transducers

measurements: 1041.OPTICAL 1-D accel-sensors (they would
1011.To recognize some abnormalities (loosens,
resonance, ...) in connections of chosen bars measure absolute vibrations of chosen bars)
and end-windings (as mechanical systems) 1042. Capacitive sensors (they measure relative
vibrations between bar and fixing point)

Questions:
An example of installation
1021.Generator design details (because can be
requested various transducer installation: on-
wedge, bridge-mount or in-slot)

Comments:

1031. In slot bar vibrations are primarily sensitive to

electromagnetic forces and thermal cycling.
1032. For a two circuit/phase winding design, sensors are
installed on the line-end coil of each circuit of each
phase at both ends of the stator. This approach us up to
a total of 12 sensors
1033. Sensors are usually embedded in place of the 2 nd wedge
from the top
1034. Trending bar vibrations give a good insight on winding
condition and wedging system tightness.
1035. Standard (piezo and inductive) vibration sensors are
useless for these measurements (because of
dimensions and high magnetic field)
1036. Keyphasor signal can be helpful for some data Es
Back Es
processing from these transducers. Back cc #607151-14 p. 19
GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE BN-010 Co-010
 VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS / GENERATOR: End Winding Vibrations

A goal of the Suggested transducers

measurements:
1111.The end-winding vibration measurements allow to
recognize resonance effects of the generator series 1141.Optical 1D- or 2D-accelerometer
loops if recognize some abnormalities of some
segments in the bar connection and end-winding
mechanical system (e.g. getting soft)
Questions:
1121.What are resonance frequencies of the stator An example of installation
end-windings (for radial and tangential
directions)
1122.What is magnetic field (TESLA) in normal and
failure generator conditions
Comments:
1131. End winding vibrations can occur in any generator, but
are more common in two-pole generators, that present
long end windings due to their technical characteristics
to allow high operation speeds and long nodal points.
1132. End winding vibrations are measured mostly for upper
hydro-generator end-windings only.
1133. End-winding vibrations are controlled in 2 directions:
radial and tangential.
1134. For bigger generators have been used 6 radial +6
tangential 1D-optical vibration transducers.
1135. Standard (both piezo and inductive) vibration sensors
are less use for these measurements because of high
electro-magnetic fields.
1136. Keyphasor signal can be helpful for some data Es
Back Es
processing from these transducers. Back cc #607151-14 p. 20
GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE In-011
 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS: Bearing Temperatures

A goal of the Suggested transducers

measurements:
1211.To control some changes of technical condition 1241. TC-K or Pt-100  along of end-user
of the particular bearings requirements (w/ dimensions proper for
already existing wholes – if they are proper)

Examples of installation for THRUST

BEARING
351. NOT REVERSIBLE HYDRO-GENERATOR
Questions:
1221.How many temperature measurements have to
be provided for:
1. Thrust bearing
2. Radial bearings
1222.Information about an existing temperature
measurement system allowing to make its
critical review

352. REVERSIBLE HYDRO-GENERATOR

Comments:

1231. Thrust bearing segments should have temperature

measurements form the trailing edge.
1232. Temperature measurements provided for technical
condition evaluation should be included to one common
system of the all condition measurements
1233. Temperature transducers should be connected directly
to temperature monitors (transmitters decrease
Es
Es
reliability of the measurement system) Back
Back
GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE cc #607151-14 p. 21
 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS (STANDARD
Generator Stator and Cooling Air
solution):
Goals of the Suggested transducers
measurements:
1311.To control some changes of the generator 1341.Transducers are mostly installed by a
STATOR
generator producer.
1312.To check conditions both: the cooling system
and the cooled system.
Questions:
An example of
1321.How many temperature measurements for the installation*)
stator condition checking?
1322.What time step is requested for these
measurements? (time measurement resolution)
1323.What is INSULATION CLASS (e.g.: B ? F ? H ? ...)

Comments:

1331.There are three types of the stator temperature

related measurements: (a) stator IRON, (b)
stator WINDING, and (c) AIR (cold and hot).
1332.Temperature measurements provided for
technical condition evaluations should be
included to one common system of ALL
MEASUREMENTS provided for CONDITION
EVALUATIONS of the HYDRO-GENERATOR.
*)
RED FRAMES indicate STATOR TEMPERATURES (right) and COOLING
1333.A diagnostic system needs to have a AIR ONES (left) provided for a ~100MW hydro generator  TOTAL: 
temperature normalization algorithm depends 48 MEASUREMENTS FOR GENERATOR and 38 BEARING & OIL
on unit current. TEMPERATURE RELATED MEASUREMENTS (green frames)

1334.More than 20 measurements per STATOR are Es

Es
GE Companyprovided usually.
Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE cc #607151-14 p. 22
 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS Generator Stator and Cooling Air
(ADVANCED solution):
Goals of the Suggested transducers
measurements:
1315.Better control of some changes of the
generator STATOR
1316.Better control of the cooling system operation. 1345.NPI  in
Questions: progress
1325....

Comments:

1335.TELEMTRY transmission is required

An example from old & obsolete system

(HydroScan)

3
Biegun
Biegun
#1
#40
1

2 Es
Es
Back
Back
GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE cc #607151-14 p. 23
 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS: Temperature Monitoring of Rotor Poles

A goal of the Suggested transducer

measurements: 1441.Infrared Radiation Pyrometer TK-22
1411.To control some changes of technical condition
of teh . 
http://www.heitronics.com/english2/index
.htm

Questions: 1442.Surface transducers + wireless transmission

An example of
 http://www.mikrotrend.com
1421.How many POLES the generator rotor has ? 1451.Indirect installation
measurement 1452.Remote measurement
1422.......

Comments:

1431.Temperature measurements provided for

technical condition evaluations should be
included into one common system of all 1453.Wireless measurement
condition measurements transmission:
1432.A diagnostic system needs to have
temperature normalization algorithm depends
on unit current / power
1433.Keyphasor signal is additionally requested for
these measurements
1434.ROTOR TEMPERATURE measurements (from
the ROTOR-sensor) need a telemetry system
Es
Es
Back
Back
GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE Inf-014
cc #607151-14 p. 24
 GENERATOR INSULATION: Partial Discharges (= PD)

A goal of the Suggested transducers

measurements:
1511. To control STATOR insulation degradation
1541.Directionally installed BUS Couplers 
Questions: <50MW HG
1521. What is generator power ? 1542.Differentially installed PDA Couplers 
1552. STATOR SLOT COUPLERS Examples of
1522. What is generator voltage ? >50MW HG
installation
1551. BUS COUPLERS
Comments:
1531. PD analysis is a leading-edge technology used to monitor high-
frequency, low-voltage activity within the insulation system of high
voltage equipment. PD can be caused by poor design,
manufacturing faults, mechanical damage, or aging .
1532. Partial discharge can result from:
1531. Stator bar vibration
1532. End winding contamination
1533. Broken conductors
1534. Insulation damage
1535. Naturally occurring voids in stator insulation
1536. Collector brush sparking
1533. PD measurements are used for lager generators (>50MW)
1531. GENERATOR PROTECTION (through e.g. IRIS monitors), and
1532. GENERATOR DIAGNOSTICS (e.g.: SYSTEM 1)
1534. There are used two type of PDA COUPLERS to measure PD. These
are BUS COUPLERS and STATOR SLOT COUPLERS*) 1553. Cable Type
1535. BUS COUPLERS (=BCs) Coupler
1. BCs detect stator winding PDA and separate unwanted electrical 2. They are typically used for large hydrogen cooled generators (larger than
noise. The couplers are called Epoxy-Mica Capacitors (EMCs). 100 MW) since they are much more sensitive to PD pulses to compare w/
2. For small electrical machinery: EMCs. PD level in H2 cooled machines is 10x less than in air cooled ones.
1531. Generators: EMCs are being installed at circuit rings of stator For air cooled machine PD voltage could be 500mV while for H2 ones
winding of hydro generator, one per circuit parallel for each phase 80mV could be danger level.
1532. Motors: three couplers are typically needed for motors. 3. SSCs provide the sophisticated sensitivity required to monitor PDA
occurring within the stator slot and at the end-winding region of the
1531. For bigger generators: 12 EMCs  4 parallel circuits in each phase.
generator windings while eliminating all types of electrical noise. SSC is
1536. STATOR SLOT COUPLERS (=SSCs) only sensitive to PD occurring within the slot containing the sensor.
1531. SSCs provide the sophisticated sensitivity required to monitor PDA*) Though this limits the amount of coverage for the sensor, it does
occurring within the stator slot and at the end-winding region of the guarantee that only PD from the slot and not noise will be detected.
generator windings while eliminating all types of electrical noise 4. Machines rated above 600 ... 800 MVA may require more than 6 SSCs.
*)
In the past have been used CABLE TYPE COUPLERS additionally. But it is
5. An external phase reference (KEYPHASOR) is Es required.
Es
obsolete solution. Back
Back
GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE ccc #607151-14 p. 25
 GENERATOR: Air Gap FLUX Monitoring (=FLUX)

A goal of the Suggested transducer

measurements:
1611.To detect shorted turns of hydro generator
poles by continuous monitoring of the air-gap 1641.Two axis (2D) (or 3D) magnetic flux
FLUX transducer.

Questions:
Examples of EM FLUX
1621.What is magnetic field (in TESLA) for normal installation + dimensions
and failure generator conditions [mm] of the suggested
1622...... transducer

ROTOR STATOR
Comments:

1631.Keyphasor signal is additionally requested for

the measurement
1632.In the past have been used 1D-FLUX probes
1633.Currently are available 3D-FLUX probes on the
market
1634.2D / 3D-FLUX measurements have (probably)
sense only near the edge of a POLE (3D in the
corner)
1635.FLUX measurements from the ROTOR-sensor
needs a telemetry system
Es
Es
Back
Back
GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE cc #607151-14 p. 26
 HYDRO-GENERATOR TURBINE: Cavitations

A goal of the Suggested transducer

measurements: 1741.A high frequency acceleration transducer P/N
1711.To detect cavitations regime of hydro-
generator set. 330400.
1742.High frequency transducer with TRANSMITTER
1712.To evaluate cavitation intensity
output
1713.To count duration of cavitation
1714.To estimate area of cavitations
An example of transducer
Questions: set-up for cavitation
1721.Details of hydro-generator mechanical design detection
to evaluate the best localization of the
cavitation transducer
1722.....

Comments:

1731.Information about cavitations would be

provided by various transducers. Along of
literature:
1. wide frequency acceleration transducer
provides the best data to convert them into
information
2. Ultrasonic (or hydrophone) transducers are
another used sometime solution.

Es
Es
Back
Back
GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE cc #607151-14 p. 27
 HYDRO-GENERATOR TURBINE: Static and Dynamic Water Pressure Monitoring
A goal of the Suggested transducers
measurements: 1841.Various HOTTINGER tensometric transducers
1811.For some regime of operations rotor movement
strongly depends on water excitations. depends on application restrictions.
Therefore it is well to know some characteristics 1842.(?) BN PRESSURE TRANSDUCER P/N 165855
of the water flow.
1812.Static pressure is one of many process
variables captured by DCS. Dynamic pressure
can not be effectively*) measured by DCS. It can An example of transducer
be done in an useful shape only by a monitoring localizations for a small
system with dynamic signal capture capabilities FRANCIS HG
*)
„EFFECTIVELY” – it means that the measurements are useful for
DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM. DCS can take measurements of dynamic pressure
based on TRANSMITTER MEASUREMENTS. DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM needs
similar level of DYNAMIC PRESSURE SIGNAL PROCESSING as provided for
other VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS (mechanical and electrical)

Questions:
1821.What is hydrostatic pressure in potential points
of the measurements.
1822.What are design constrains to fix dynamic
(better: static and dynamic) water pressure
transducers?

Comments: 165855
Cylinder
1831.For various turbines need to be provided Pressure
various number of measurements ( usually: Transducer
3....10)
1832.Keyphasor signal can be helpful for some types Es
of DYNAMIC PRESSURE data processing. Back Es
Back cc #607151-14 p. 28
GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE
 WICKET GATE POSITION .

A goal of the Suggested transducers

measurements: 1941..
1911..

Questions:
Examples of installation
1921....

Comments:

1931.Can be used transducers similar to applicable

for the „STEAM TURBINE CASE EXTENSIONS” .

Es
Es
Back
Back
GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE cc #607151-14 p. 29
 KEYPHASOR: .

A goal of the Suggested transducers

measurements: 2041..
2011..

Questions:
Examples of installation
2021....

Comments:

2031.Can be used transducers identical as used for

XY measurements

Es
Es
Back
Back
GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE cc #607151-14 p. 30
 CREEP DETECTION: .

A goal of the Suggested transducers

measurements: 2141..
2111..

Questions:
Examples of installation
2121....

Comments:

2131..

Es
Es
Back
Back
GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE cc #607151-14 p. 31
 SOLE PLATE MONITORING: .

A goal of the Suggested transducers

measurements: 2241..
2211..

Questions:
Examples of installation
2221....

Comments:

2231..

Es
Es
Back
Back
GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE cc #607151-14 p. 32
 ROTOR CURRENT BRUSH MONITORING: .

A goal of the Suggested transducers

measurements: 2341..
2311..

Questions:
Examples of installation
2321....

Comments:

2331..

Es
Es
Back
Back
GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE cc #607151-14 p. 33
 PROCESS VARIABLES (and SYMPTOMS): .

A goal of the Suggested transducers

measurements: 4141..
4111..

Questions:
Examples of installation
4121....

Comments:

4131..

Es
Es
Back
Back
GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE cc #607151-14 p. 34
GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE #607151-14 p. 35
 COUPLINGS in hydro plants

NET

GENERATOR TURBINE

PENSTOCK

TAILWATER

EXAMPLES

GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE #607151-14 p. 36
 CONTENT:
1. THRUST BEARING / OIL FILM THICKNESS
2. ROTOR VERTICAL POSITION
3. ROTOR RADIAL POSITION and DYNAMICS (XY)
4. MONITORING OF SEAL RINGS
5. HYDRO GAP ( BLADE TIP–to-CHAMBER GAP )
6. AIR GAP ( GENERATOR ROTOR – STATOR )
7. SEISMIC MEASUREMENTS of mech. components
8. GENERATOR: FRAME (or CASE) VIBRATIONS (& POS.)
9. GENERATOR: CORE VIBRATIONS
10. GENERATOR: BAR VIBRATIONS
11. GENERATOR: END-WINDING VIBRATIONS
12. TEMPERATURE: BEARINGS
13. TEMPERATURE: STATOR and COOLING AIR
14. TEMPERATURE: ROTOR POLES
15. PARTIAL DISCHARGES
16. AIR GAP MAGNETIC FLUX
17. CAVITATIONS
18. WATER PRESSURE (STATIC & DYNAMIC)
19. WICKET GATE POSITION
20. Keyphasor
21. Creep Detection
22. Sole Plate Monitoring
23. Rotor Current Brush Monitoring
24. Process Variables (& Symptoms)

GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE #607151-14 p. 37
 Needs of IMPROVEMENT:
1. THRUST BEARING / OIL FILM THICKNESS
2. ROTOR VERTICAL POSITION
3. ROTOR RADIAL POSITION and DYNAMICS (XY)
4. MONITORING OF SEAL RINGS
5. HYDRO GAP ( BLADE TIP–to-CHAMBER GAP )
6. AIR GAP ( GENERATOR ROTOR – STATOR )
7. SEISMIC MEASUREMENTS of mech. components
8. GENERATOR: FRAME (or CASE) VIBRATIONS (& POS.)
9. GENERATOR: CORE VIBRATIONS
10. GENERATOR: BAR VIBRATIONS
11. GENERATOR: END-WINDING VIBRATIONS
12. TEMPERATURE: BEARINGS
13. TEMPERATURE: STATOR and COOLING AIR
14. TEMPERATURE: ROTOR POLES
15. PARTIAL DISCHARGES
16. AIR GAP MAGNETIC FLUX
17. CAVITATIONS
18. WATER PRESSURE (STATIC & DYNAMIC)
19. WICKET GATE POSITION
20. Keyphasor
21. Creep Detection
22. Sole Plate Monitoring
23. Rotor Current Brush Monitoring
24. Process Variables (& Symptoms)

GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE #607151-14 p. 38
 Important for TURBO-GENERATORS:
1. THRUST BEARING / OIL FILM THICKNESS
2. ROTOR VERTICAL POSITION
3. ROTOR RADIAL POSITION and DYNAMICS (XY)
4. MONITORING OF SEAL RINGS
5. HYDRO GAP ( BLADE TIP–to-CHAMBER GAP )
6. AIR GAP ( GENERATOR ROTOR – STATOR )
7. SEISMIC MEASUREMENTS of mech. components
8. GENERATOR: FRAME (or CASE) VIBRATIONS (& POS.)
9. GENERATOR: CORE VIBRATIONS
10. GENERATOR: BAR VIBRATIONS
11. GENERATOR: END-WINDING VIBRATIONS
12. TEMPERATURE: BEARINGS
13. TEMPERATURE: STATOR and COOLING AIR
14. TEMPERATURE: ROTOR POLES
15. PARTIAL DISCHARGES
16. AIR GAP MAGNETIC FLUX
17. CAVITATIONS
18. WATER PRESSURE (STATIC & DYNAMIC)
19. WICKET GATE POSITION
20. Keyphasor
21. Creep Detection
22. Sole Plate Monitoring
23. Rotor Current Brush Monitoring
24. Process Variables (& Symptoms)

GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE #607151-14 p. 39
 Some stations already ask
about:
1.
2.
THRUST BEARING / OIL FILM THICKNESS
ROTOR VERTICAL POSITION
3. ROTOR RADIAL POSITION and DYNAMICS (XY)
4. MONITORING OF SEAL RINGS
5. HYDRO GAP ( BLADE TIP–to-CHAMBER GAP )
6. AIR GAP ( GENERATOR ROTOR – STATOR )
7. SEISMIC MEASUREMENTS of mech. components
8. GENERATOR: FRAME (or CASE) VIBRATIONS (& POS.)
9. GENERATOR: CORE VIBRATIONS
10. GENERATOR: BAR VIBRATIONS
11. GENERATOR: END-WINDING VIBRATIONS
12. TEMPERATURE: BEARINGS
13. TEMPERATURE: STATOR and COOLING AIR
14. TEMPERATURE: ROTOR POLES
15. PARTIAL DISCHARGES
16. AIR GAP MAGNETIC FLUX
17. CAVITATIONS
18. WATER PRESSURE (STATIC & DYNAMIC)
19. WICKET GATE POSITION
20. Keyphasor
21. Creep Detection
22. Sole Plate Monitoring
23. Rotor Current Brush Monitoring
24. Process Variables (& Symptoms)  HG PERFORMANCE

GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE #607151-14 p. 40
 Please don't hesitate to contact me on the
phone or by E-mail if there are any questions,
comments or need for additional information.

Thank You

+48+601+710700 or +48+61+8410303
Ryszard.Nowicki@ge.com
GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE #607151-14 p. 41
 Thank You very much for all of my Friends that sent to me comments allowing to improve these document.

Special thanks for:

• Dr Mialkowski, Piotr (GE Infra, Energy) which provided valuable information concerning SEISMIC VIBRATIONS
• Negoda, Maksym V (GE Infra, Energy) which helped me with the PARTIAL DISCHARGE section
• Jensen, Raymond V (GE Infra, Energy) for valuable extending the list of measurements.

Es
Es
Back
Back
GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE cc #607151-14 p. 42
GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE #607151-14 p. 43
 PS: It is possible that You can find newer version of the
document at:
http://folders.ge.com/Folders/default.asp?entity_id=1353782042&sid=42&SF=1
The same link provides access to documents that describes
measurements for horizontal hydro-units (in this range: bulb
turbines)
Back
Back
GE Company Proprietary:Do NOT share the document in the PPT or PDF file version out of GE #607151-14 p. 44