CONCRETE &

AGGREGATES
PAYAD. BANTAYAN. BUCAL. HOSTALLERO. NAZARENO
What is Concrete?
• is a mixture or sand, gravel & cement
with a proportionate amount of water &
when hardens become a ‘man-made
stone or rock’ formed into almost any
shape.
• Comes from the Latin word concretus,
which means to grow together.
• Concrete solidifies and hardens after
mixing and placement due to a chemical
process known as hydration.
Composition of Concrete
• Water
- Water is a key reactant of cement
hydration.
- The strength and other properties of
concrete are highly dependent on the
amount of water and the water-cement
ratio.
• Cement
- The word cement comes from the Latin
word caementum, which means pieces of
rough, uncut stones.
- The Romans developed cement (& also
concrete) with a volcanic ash called
pozzuolana mixed with slaked lime &
water.
Categories of cement
• Hydraulic – is cement capable of setting
& hardening by a reaction with water.
• Non-hydraulic – cements that must be
kept dry in order to gain strength. It
includes materials such as lime and
gypsum plasters.
Different types of cement
• Portland Cement – a hydraulic cement
made by burning a mixture of clay &
limestone in a rotary kiln & pulverizing
the resulting clinker into a very fine
powder.
  Classification Characteristic Application

Type I General Purposes Fairly high C3S content for  

good early strength General construction
development

Type II Moderate sulfate resistance   Structure exposed to

Low C3A content (<8%) soil or water
containing sulfate ions

Type High Early Strength Ground more finely, may Rapid construction,
III have slightly more C3S cold weather
concreting

Type Low heat of hydration (slow Low content of C3S (<50% Massive structures
IV reacting) ) and C3A such as dams

Type High Sulfate resistance Very low C3A content (<5%) Structures exposed to
V high levels of sulfate
ions

White White color No C4AF, low MgO Decorative

• Pozzolan Cement – slow-hardening
cement made of siliceous material that
reacts chemically with slaked lime in the
presence of moisture.
• High Alumina Cement – has very high
rate of strenth development compared to
ordinary portland cement.
• Masonry Cement – designed to produce
better mortar adhesion & bonding. Also
used in concrete mouldings.
AGGREGATES
• Aggregates are any of various hard, inert, mineral
materials added to cement paste to make concrete
or mortar.
• Its properties are important to the strength, weight
& fire-resistance of the hardened concrete.
• The water must also be free from dirt & other
impurities like salt, oil or chemicals.
• Decorative stones such as quartzite, small river
stones or crushed glass are sometimes added to the
surface of concrete for a decorative "exposed
aggregate" finish, popular among landscape
designers
2 Categories of Aggregates
• Fine aggregates consist of sand having a
particle smaller than ¼” (6.4mm);
• Coarse aggregates consist of crushed
stone, gravel or blast furnace slag have a
particle size larger than ¼”; specifically
the portion of aggregate that is retained
on a No. 4 sieve.
 Fine aggregates

Coarse aggregates
Chemical Admixtures
• Materials in the form of powder or fluids
that are added to the concrete to give it
certain characteristics not obtainable
with plain concrete mixes.
 COMMON TYPES OF
ADMIXTURES
• Accelerators :
- Speed up the hydration (hardening) of
the concrete.
- Typical materials used are CaCl2 and
NaCl.
• Acrylic retarders :
- Slow the hydration of concrete, and are
used in large or difficult pours.
- Typical retarder is table sugar, or sucrose
(C12H22O11).
CONCRETE MIXTURE
• Average water ratio per bag of cement is
between 27 to 32 liters (6 to 7 gals.)
Measurement can be done by weight or
by volume. Weight of water should range
from 45% to 60% of the weight of
cement. By actual mixing, 1 m3 of gravel
+ ½ m3 of sand produce 1 cu. m. of
concrete.
 Mixture

Sand Gravel
Class (ft3) (ft3) Strength Uses
Cement
(40 kg bag)

Concrete members subject to

AAA 1 1 2 4000 psi
very high pressure

Underwater structures &

AA 1 1.5 3 3500 psi
retaining walls

Footings, columns, beams &

A 1 2 4 3000 psi
slabs

Slabs-on-fill, non-load-bearing
B 1 2.5 5 2500 psi
walls

Plant boxes, sidewalks,

C 1 3 6 2000 psi
walkways, carport, etc.
KINDS OF CONCRETE
• Normal Strength Concrete – obtained by
mixing the basic ingredients cement,
water and aggregate.
• Plain Concrete – no reinforcement in it.
The main constituents are the cement,
aggregates and water.
• Reinforced Concrete – concrete in which
steel reinforcement is embedded in such
a manner that the two materials act
together resisting forces.
.
Normal Strength Concrete

Reinforced Concrete

Plain Concrete
• Pre-stressed Concrete – concrete reinforced
by pretensioning or post-tensioning high-
strength steel tendons within their elastic
limit to actively resist a service load.
A. Pretensioning – pre-stressing concrete
member by tensioning the reinforcing
tendons before the concrete is cast.
B. Post-tensioning – pre-stressing
concrete member by tensioning the
reinforcing tendons after the concrete
has set.
• Pre-cast Concrete – concrete that is cast
& cured in a place other than where it is
to be installed in a structure.
Pre-stressed
Concrete

Pre-cast Concrete
• Light-weight Concrete – concrete made with
aggregate of low specific gravity & weighing
less than normal concrete because:
A. Sand, gravel or crushed stones are replaced
with lightweight stones such as shales,
clays, pumice or other materials to mix with
cement & water.
B. Chemicals that foam & produce air spaces
in concrete are added as it hardens. These
air spaces are much larger than the air
spaces in air-entrained concrete.
• High-Density Concrete - densities ranging
between 3000 to 4000 kg/m3 can be called as
the heavyweight concrete. Here heavy weight
aggregates are used.
Light –weight
Concrete

High density
Concrete
• Air-entrained Concrete – tiny bubbles are
formed by adding soap-like resinous or
fatty materials to the cement or to the
concrete when it is mixed.
• Ready Mix Concrete - concrete that mix
and bathed in a central mixing plant is
called as ready-mix concrete.
• Polymer Concrete - the aggregates will be
bound with the polymer instead of
cement.
A. Polymer Impregnated Concrete
B. Polymer cement concrete
C. Partially Impregnated
Air-entrained Polymer Concrete
Concrete

Ready Mix Concrete

• High-early-strength Concrete – made with
high early strength Portland cement &
hardens much more quickly than ordinary
concrete.
• High-performance concrete (HPC) -
concrete that conforms to a set of
standards above those of the most
common applications, but not limited to
strength.
• Self-compacting Concrete - extreme
fluidity as measured by flow, typically
between 700-750 mm, rather than
slump. No need for vibrators to compact
the concrete. Placement is simpler.
High-early-strength Concrete High-performance
concrete

Self-compacting Concrete
• Shotcrete - uses compressed air to shoot
(cast) concrete onto (or into) a frame or
structure. Shotcrete is frequently used against
vertical soil or rock surfaces, as it eliminates
the need for formwork.
• Pervious concrete - is sometimes specified
when porosity is required to allow some air
movement or to facilitate the drainage and
flow of water through structures.
• Vacuum Concrete - concrete with water
content more than required quantity is poured
into the formwork.
• Pumped Concrete - used in large mega
construction especially for the high-rise
construction is the conveyance of the
concrete to heights.
 Shotcrete Pervious
concrete

Vacuum Concrete Pumped Concrete

• Stamped Concrete - is an architectural
concrete where realistic patterns similar to
natural stones, granites, and tiles can be
obtained by placing impression of
professional stamping pads.
• Limecrete - is a concrete type in which the
cement is replaced by lime.
• Asphalt concrete - strictly speaking, asphalt
is a form of concrete as well, with
bituminous materials replacing pozzolans as
the binder.
• Roller-compacted concrete - sometimes
called rollcrete, is a low-cement-content stiff
concrete placed using techniques borrowed
from earthmoving and paving work.
 Stamped Concrete Limecrete

Roller-compacted concrete Asphalt concrete

• Rapid Strength Concrete - these
concretes will acquire strength with few
hours after its manufacture.
• Glass concrete - he use of recycled glass
as aggregate in concrete. This greatly
enhances the aesthetic appeal of the
concrete.
• Concrete Masonry – the pre-cast or pre-
fabricated tiles, blocks, pipes, etc. in
many shapes & sizes, that are
manufactured & distributed or sold as
ready-made masonry materials.
Concrete Masonry Glass concrete

Rapid Strength Concrete

TREATMENT OF CONCRETE
• Admixtures in compounds (flour form) &
chemicals (liquid form) are being added
to the mixtures to gain intended purpose.
• Admixture is any substance other than
cement, water or aggregate, added to a
concrete or mortar mix to alter its
properties or those of the hardened
product. Also called additive. Some of the
admixtures are:
Air-entraining agent – disperses
entrained air in a concrete or mortar mix
to increase workability; increase the rate
of curing.
 Accelerator – hastens the setting & strength
development of a concrete, mortar or
plaster mix.
 Retarder – slows the setting of a concrete,
mortar or plaster mix in order to allow more
time for placing & working the mix.
 Surface-active agent – reduce the surface
tension of the mixing water in a concrete
mix, thereby facilitating the wetting &
penetrating action of the water or aiding in
the emulsifying & dispersion of other
additives in the mix.
 Water-reducing agent – reduce the amount
of mixing water required for the desired
workability of a concrete or mortar mix.
Coloring agent – pigment or dye
added to a concrete mix to alter or
control its color.
Plasticizer – added to make the
concrete easier to place in forms.
Corrosion inhibitors - used to minimize
the corrosion of steel and steel bars in
concrete.
Pigments - can be used to change the
color of concrete, for aesthetics.
Bonding agents - used to create a
bond between old and new concrete.
• Other admixtures are curing compounds,
concrete waterproofing compound, non-
metallic grout, plaster & mortar bonding,
floor hardener & elastomeric coatings.
• In normal use, admixture dosages are
less than 5% by mass of cement, and are
added to the concrete at the time of
batching/mixing.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
CONCRETE
• Placement or pouring of concrete must
be done with care to prevent formation of
honeycombs (hollow spaces inside).
• Direct Placement – discharging of
freshly mixed concrete directly into a
form from a concrete mixer, buggy or
crane bucket.
• Pneumatic Placement – delivery of
concrete, slurry or plaster by a pipeline
or hose to the point of placement on a
construction site.
• Consolidation or the process of
eliminating voids is also used to settle
the concrete into forms faster & easier.
• Spading – consolidation of newly
placed concrete by the repeated
insertions & withdrawals of a flat,
spade like tool.
• Rodding - consolidation of newly
placed concrete by the repeated
insertions & withdrawals of a rods.
• Vibration - consolidation of newly
placed concrete by the moderately
high-frequency oscillations of a
vibrator.
• Workability is the ability of a fresh
(plastic) concrete mix to fill the
form/mold properly with the desired work
(vibration) and without reducing the
concrete's quality.
Slump Test Recommended Slumps (cm)
Types of Construction
Minimum Maximum
Footings & foundation walls 5 13
Plain footing & substructure walls 2.5 10
Slabs, beams, reinforcement walls,
building columns, sidewalks, driveways & 7.5 15
slabs on ground
Pavement 5 7.5
Heavy mass construction 2.5 7
Bridge decks 7.5 10
• Curing is maintaining newly placed
concrete or mortar at the required
temperature & humidity for the first 7 days
following placement, casting or finishing to
ensure satisfactory hydration of the
cementitious materials & proper hardening.
• Strength of concrete is its ability to resist
the stresses caused by compressive,
tensile, flexural & shearing forces.
• Compression test is done to determine the
compressive strength of a concrete batch,
using a hydraulic press to measure the
maximum load a test cylinder can support
in axial compression before fracturing.
• During hydration and hardening, concrete needs to
develop certain physical and chemical properties.
Among other qualities, mechanical strength, low
moisture permeability, and chemical and
volumetric stability are necessary.
 MANUFACTURED
CONCRETE MATERIALS
• Cement-bonded Boards – are easy to install
since they can be sawed, nailed, plastered &
painted. They are good for insulation,
acoustic & structural sheathing in timber-
framed & masonry construction.
Woodwool cement board – made from
shredded wood (also called excelsior) mixed
with ordinary portland cement, water & some
mineral additives & cold-pressed under low
pressure & ambient temperature. The wood
excelsior is shredded from about 30cm long
(minimum is 20cm) billets of wood.
• Wood cement board – composed of short but thick
wood chips, instead of wood excelsior. This
however, has lower modulus of rupture (MOR)
value than Woodwool cement board.
• Cement-bonded particle board – composed of finer
particles & is usually made of 3 layers. This is
characterized by high density (800-1300 kg/m3), &
therefore high MOR value.
• Concrete Pipes – are hollow cylindrical
materials with a standard length of 1m.
the standard diameter of the pipes are as
follows:
Exterior Diameter (cm) Interior Diameter (cm) Wall thickness (cm)
25 15 10
30 20 10
40 25 15
45 30 15
55 40 15
60 45 15
65 50 15
80 60 20
85 65 20
90 70 20
95 75 20
100 80 20
110 90 20
120 100 20
145 120 25
175 150 25
• Concrete roof tiles – basically made of
cement & sand. This is one masonry
roofing material that is competing with
the traditional ceramic or claying roofing
tiles.
END