URBAN

TRANSPORTATION
UNIT-1
URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT
SYSTEM
PLANNING PROCESS

Darshan D. Dave
9687517456
darshan.dave@darshan.ac.in
TRANSPORT & TRANSPORTATION
• What is meant by transport?
• The act of moving from one place to another.

• What is meant by transportation?

• The means or phenomenon for moving from one place to
another.

UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 1
System & Transportation System
• What is a system?
• Set of components
• Organized meaningfully
• To direct the action of system under inputs
• To achieve specific goals & objectives

UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 2
System & Transportation System
• What is a transportation system?
• Consists of
• Fixed facilities (Road, Railway Station, Airport, Port etc…)
• Flow entities (Vehicles, Train, Airplane, Ship etc...)
• Control system (Traffic signal, Railway signals, Air traffic control tower,
Light house etc…)
• To overcome geographical friction efficiently and participate in some
desired activity in timely manner.

UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 3
URBANIZATION

• What is an urban area?

• According to Census of India 2011, the definition of urban
area is as follows;
1. All places with a municipality corporation, cantonment
board or a notified town area committee, etc…
2. All other places which satisfies following criteria
i. A minimum population of 5000

ii. At least 75% of the male main working population engaged in

non-agricultural pursuits and

iii. A population density of at least 400 persons per sq. km.

UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 4
URBANIZATION
OBJECTIVE
• URBANIZATION CYCLE

ECONOMIC
INDUSTRIALISATION
GROWTH

URBAN TRANSPORT
INFRASTRUCTURE

URBANIZATION

GROWTH IN
• POPULATION
• NUMBER OF VEHICLES
URBAN HOUSING • AREA OF CITY
INFRASTRUCTURE • HUMAN ACTIVITY

UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 5
UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 6
 Opportunity of India’s urbanization to 2030

SOURCE: “India’s urban awakening: Building inclusive cities, sustaining economic growth”, April 2010 McKinsey Global Institute

UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 7
UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 8
 MIGRATION RURAL TO URBAN AREA: PUSH-PULL FACTORS

• Developments in transportation systems such as • New transportation systems enabled people

new roads, railroads. to move from a rural location to an urban
area quickly and cheaply.

• New inventions required lower skill levels and • Opportunities for employment in new
cheap ready-made goods. emerging industries and factories.

• Goods and services available to rural • City and town living provides easy access to
communities are limited. goods and services that ensure convenience
and variety.
• Less money is spent on educational resources in • Educational facilities in towns and cities offer
rural areas. a range of choice and access to education for
all ages.

• Fewer doctors and medical facilities in rural • Good health care and hospitals in easy reach
areas. of city dwellers.

UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 9
URBAN CLASS GROUPS

• Urban Agglomeration (UA)

• An urban agglomeration is a continuous urban spread constituting a town
and its adjoining outgrowths (OGs), or two or more physically contiguous
towns together with or without outgrowths of such towns.
• An Urban Agglomeration must consist of at least a statutory town and its
total population should not be less than 20,000 as per the 2001 Census.
Example Greater Mumbai UA, Delhi UA
• As per Indian Census 2011, there are 475 Urban Agglomerations in India.

UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 10
URBAN CLASS GROUPS

• Out Growths (OG)

• It is a viable unit clearly identifiable in terms of its boundaries and location.
Some of the examples are railway colony, university campus, port area,
military camps, etc…
• OGs come up near a statutory town outside its statutory limits but within
the revenue limits of a village or villages contiguous to the town.
• OGs possesses the urban features in terms of infrastructure and amenities
such as pucca roads, electricity, taps, drainage system for disposal of waste
water etc. educational institutions, post offices, medical facilities, banks etc.
• As per Indian Census 2011, there are 981 Out Growths in India

UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 11
URBAN CLASS GROUPS

• Class I UAs/Towns
• The UAs/Towns which have at least 1,00,000 persons as population are
categorised as Class I UA/Town. At the Census 2011, there are 468 such
UAs/Towns.

• Million Plus UAs/Towns:

• At least population of 1 million or above, out of 468 UAs/Towns belonging

to class I category 53 UAs/Towns are Million Plus UAs/Towns.

UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 12
URBAN CLASS GROUPS

• Metro Cities
• UAs/Towns which have a population of 4 millions or above.

• Metropolitan Area
• Area having a population of 10 lakhs or more, comprised in one or more

districts and consisting of two or more Municipalities or Panchayats or

other contiguous areas, specified by the Governor by public notification to

be a Metropolitan area.

UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 13
URBAN CLASS GROUPS

• Megalopolis/Megapolis
• A megalopolis is typically defined as a chain of roughly adjacent
metropolitan areas, which may be somewhat separated or may merge into
a continuous urban region.

• Mega Cities
• UAs with more than 10 million persons. Examples Greater Mumbai UA
(18.4 million), Delhi UA (16.3 million) & Kolkata (14.1 million) Metropolitan
Area.

UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 14
TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS

• Traffic Congestion
• Increase roadway throughput
• New roads and lanes
• Increase passenger throughput
• High occupancy vehicle lanes
• Carpooling
• Fixed route transit
• Reduce demand
• Flexible time

UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 15
TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS

• Lack of mobility & accessibility

• Provide user friendly access to quality transportation services
• Expand fixed route transit and para-transit services
• Radio and TV traffic reports

ACCESSIBILIT
MOBILIT
Y

Y
• Disconnected Transportation Modes
• Improve intermodality
• Construct intermodal connections

UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 16
TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS

• Crashes, Injuries and Fatalities

• Improve safety
• Improve roadway geometry and sight distance
• Grade-separate crossings
• Driver training
• Install traffic signals
• Speed limits
• Warnings in problem areas

UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 17
GOAL, OBJECTIVE & STANDARD

• Goal
• It is an end to which a plan tends.
• It is an ideal expressed in abstract terms.
• It is a set of statements that convey the planner an image of
ideal system and provide him/her with overall direction.

• Objective
• It is a lower order goal, which is capable of being measured.

UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 18
GOAL, OBJECTIVE & STANDARD
• Standard
• It is lower order than an objective and represents a condition that is
capable of measurement and attainment.

Objective: Regular Attendance

Goal: Become
an engineer
Standard: Minimum
passing marks

Objective: Appear in exam

UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 19
GOAL, OBJECTIVE & STANDARD
• Goal
• Maximize mobility of people and goods.
• Objectives
• Minimize travel time
• Minimize travel cost
• Provide adequate frequency of service, capacity, safety & reliability
• Standards
• Travel time by public transport between major centres must not
exceed 30 minutes
• The travel cost by public transport not to exceed 15% of the cost of
travel by private transport
• The frequency of public transport must be at least 3 per hour

UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 20
GOAL, OBJECTIVE & STANDARD
• Goal
• Reduce air pollution
• Objectives
• Maximise usage of public transport modes
• Encourage use of non-motorised modes of transport
• Standards
• Same standards for objective 1 as discussed in previous slide
• Travel time by bicycle from home to medium size activity
centres to be not more than 15 minutes
• Travel time by foot from home to minor activity centres to be
not more than 15 minutes

UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 21
TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS

• Planning ????
• Work systematically at present
for desired future.
• A process of working out,
beforehand, a scheme for
achieving a goal in future.
• A process of thinking out
activities required to achieve a
desired goal.

UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 22
TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS
• Importance of planning in transportation field
• Take an example of constructing a flyover
• Huge investment
• Flyover must serve for 40-50 years
• So knowledge of existing travel pattern is very very important
• On the basis of current scenario, traffic growth and
transportation demand for a period of 40-50 years must be
taken into account
• So a transport planner must have long term vision

UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 23
TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS
• Do you want to be a transport planner ???
• Understand below points
• Activity pattern of household
• Desire/Goal/Objective of household
• Travel pattern of household
• Combine all the above and one can understand travel pattern of an
urban area and forecast the same in future.

UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 24
TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS
• Urban Transportation Planning Process
• It is the process of
• Understanding factors influencing the demand for urban
travel
• Development of relationships between the factors and the
travel demand and
• Use of relationships to predict the future demand for travel
and the resulting transport infrastructure needs

UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 25
 Organization
• MPO URBAN
• State TRANSPORT
• Operating Agencies PLANNING
PROCESS

Planning Work Program

• Prospectus
• Unified Work Program
Continuing Process monitor,

Transportation Plan
Update Report

Transportation Plan Long Transportation Plan Short Term Plan

Range Plan (Transportation Systems Management)
• Planning Tools • Planning Tools
• Decision Making Process • Evaluation of Plan Alternatives
• Selection of Plan Element
Plan Refinement

Transportation Improvement Program

• Staged Multiyear Element
26
• Annual Element
TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS
• Systems Approach to Transportation Planning
• Urban transportation may be considered as a system consisting
of
• Environment (Socioeconomic characteristics, system users)
• Land use (Commercial, Industrial, Residential, Mix, etc…)
• Transport (Bus, Metro train, Auto Rickshaw, etc…)

UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 27
TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS
• Systems Approach to Transportation Planning
Socioeconomic Environment

• Objectives • Output
• Constraints Problem Definition • Value Functions
• Input • Decision Criteria
Implementation
Solution Generation

Solution Analysis Recommended

Strategy

Evaluation & Choice

UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 28
TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS
• Levels of Transportation Planning
Conceptual Plan Regional Level

Outline Plan Sector Level

Master Plan District Level

Statutory or Advisory Plan Local Level

Detailed Development Plan Actual Development

UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 29
TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS
• Conceptual Plan
• Broadest level of planning.
• Plan period of 30-40 years.
• Planning for large area with population range of 2-5 Lacs.
• This plan includes forecasts for land-use, population,
employment etc…
• This plan indicates major roads and public transport for whole
area, without analysis of costs.

UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 30
TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS
• Outline Plan
• Plan period is 20 years.
• Planning for lesser area with population range of 0.5-2 Lacs.
• This plan includes forecasts for land-use, population, employment
etc…
• Benefit-cost analysis is used for economic evaluation
• Models are developed for prediction of land-use and travel
demand.
• This plan indicates major roads and public transport for whole area
and cost/route mile is worked out
UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 31
TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS
• Master Plan
• Plan period is 20 years.
• Planning for with population range of 5,000 to 10,000.
• This plan includes forecasts for land-use, population, employment
etc… on a zonal basis, detailed Benefit-cost studies are undertaken.
• This plan predicts future demands and all significant routes are
established.
• Cost analysis on area basis, volume basis and length basis is done.

UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 32
TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS
• Statutory Plan
• Meeting the objectives of previous levels, this stage involves local
planning say for 10 years.
• The study areas are small zones, blocks or major property
division.
• Detailed studies are carried out on a comprehensive basis.
• Detailed implementation plans are worked out.

UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 33
TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS
• Detailed Plan
• This plan includes detailed land-use control plans, development
and redevelopment plans, design and implementation schemes,
for immediate use.
• The detailed cost estimates are prepared.

UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 34
MODELLING TECHNIQUES IN TRANSPORT

UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 35
MODELLING TECHNIQUES IN TRANSPORT
• Land-use Scenario
• Population - - - - - - - - - (How many people?)
• Economy - - - - - - - - - - (What work will they do?)
• Land use - - - - - - - - - - - (At which place will they work?)
• Travel Forecast
• Trip Generation - - - - - - - - - (How many trips?)
• Trip Distribution - - - - - - - - - (Where will the trips go?)
• Modal Split - - - - - - - - - - - - - (By which mode people will go?)
• Trip Assignment - - - - - - - - - - (By which route people will go?)
• Reality Check
• Transportation facility impacts on land-use

UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 36
DIFFERENT ROLES OF TRANSPORTATION
• After all these understanding of transport system and its planning,
transportation serves diverse sectors of a country which is
summarized as below….
ECONOMIC ROLE POLITICAL ROLE SOCIAL ROLE
• Relating population to • Regions are made • Raised living standard
land-use economically interdependent • Feeling of isolation is
• Utilization of resource • National defence destroyed
• New markets • National unity • Distribution of mails,
• Decentralization news papers etc.
• Timely supply • Change in city
• Power & energy patterns
• Production • Change in customs &
• Competition human life pattern.
• Even distribution
• Price stabilization
• Agriculture
• Employment

UNIT-1 URBANIZATION & TRANSPORT PLANNING PROCESS Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology 37