METHODS OF

TRANSLATION
(PETER NEWMARK, 1981)
 PETER NEWMARK (1916-2011)
• One of the main figures in the founding of Translation Studies in
the English-speaking world in twentieth century. He was also very
influential in the Spanish-speaking world.
• Newmark (1981) claims that "the
success of equivalent effect is
'illusory' and that 'the conflict of
loyalties, the gap between
emphasis on source and target
language, will always remain as
the overriding problem in
translation theory and practice."
• “Communicative translation attempts to produce on its readers
an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the
original. Semantic Translation attempts to render, as closely as
semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow,
the exact contextual meaning of the original.”
Newmark, 1981: 39
 2. French COMMUNICATIVELY
1. German

3. Spanish

SEMANTICALLY:
1. “Dog that bites”
2. “Bad dog”
3. “ferocious dog”
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
• INTRODUCING TRANSLATION STUDIES (Munday, 2001): Pages 44-46
• APPROACHES TO TRANSLATION (Newmark, 1981): Chapter 3, pages 38-56
• A TEXTBOOK OF TRANSLATION (Newmark): Chapter 5, pages 45-53