Building Services

(3360604)
Seminar
 
On
Technical terms related to wiring & Conventional
symbols for electrical insulations & Accessories of
wiring
 
Prepared By:
Shukal Sparsh K. 156490306110
 
Guided By:
Prof. P. D. Gohil
Prof. P.P. Singh
 Technical Terms Related to wiring
1. Fuse:
A fuse is a thin piece of wire with low melting point fixed at its ends in fuse plug. The function of a fuse wire is to protect the electrical appliances from heavy current. Thus whenever a high voltage is passed through a fuse wire, it automatically melts and breaks the circuit. Fuse is always provided in the live wire and not on the neutral and earth wire.
The fuse wire is called fuse element. It is made of copper, lead or tin alloy. Simple fuse is called cut-out. Nowadays, miniature circuit breakers (MCB) are used instead of fuses in higher class buildings. The current rating of fuses should be lower then that of the cable it has to protect.
 
There are mainly two types of fuses:
(i) Rewirable fuses
(ii) Cartridge fuses
Rewirable fuses are cheap. It takes twice the current rating of a rewirable fuse to blow it. Thus, a 5A rewirable fuse requires a current of 10 A to blow it. In one circuit usually 15A fuse is used which can stand upto a load of 3.3 kW.

 
 2. MCB: Miniature Circuit Breaker fuses:

In old buildings, fuses were used to provide protection against overload. The modern practice is to use MCB instead of fuses. The MCB will switch off there is excess flow of current in the circuit. It has many advantages over but initial costs are high and hence; they are not generally used for low cost construction.
An MCB trips at 1.25 times its rated current capacity. Thus, a 30 A MCB trips at 37.5 A, compared to 60 A in case of a rewirable fuse.
 3. ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker):

If an electric appliance with a fault is connected to the line and if its metal parts are not earthed, the metal may becomes live without the fuse blowing. Such a situation can produce an electric shock to the person touching it. However, the metal body is earthed then current will flow through the earth wire. For such a condition, it is common to use a tripping device called ELCB.It is like a main switch which automatically trips even when only a small leakage of current
flows through the earth wire and the current supply will be cut off completely. It is placed in the neutral line before main switch in the main distribution board.
 4. RCCB (Residual Current Circuit Breaker):

This is a much more positive protection device that can be provided instead of ELCB to avoid electric shocks and also current leakage in wiring of buildings. An RCCB is connected to all the three phases and the neutral. It is more expensive then ELCB and provides good protection against even minor defects in the wiring of a building.
 5. Cables:
Cables consist of conductors surrounded by insulation. The conductors should be preferably of copper. Aluminium conductors are sometimes used to reduce cost but they are inferior to copper cables as uninsulated portions such as connections to switches tend to oxidize and become brittle thus giving trouble in the long run. If possible, aluminium cables should not be used for wiring.
Even though rubber was once considered as the standard insulating material, nowadays, plastics (especially PVC covered cables) are very much popular. In moist or wet conditions, PVC insulation is far better
 than rubber.
The sizes of cables are referred by the number and
diameter of the conductor. Thus, cables designated
as 1/1.13 contains one conductor of diameter 1.13
mm giving an area of 1.0 sq.mm.
 6. Earthing:
Earthing is the process of connecting the electrical appliances to the ground so that any unforseen current such as leakages, faults, etc. is immediately discharged to the earth. The purpose of earthing is to avoid electric shock to the human body. All metallic casing parts of portable equipments like heater, electric iron, refrigerator, hair drier, etc. are required to be earthed.
For example, in an electric iron three wires are used. Red and black wire (phase and neutral) are connected to the coil of an electric iron while green wire is connected to its body. Red and black wires are connected to two small pins of three pin plug top while green wire is connected to the larger pin of the three pin top. In the three pin socket larger sleeve is connected to the earth wire. When a three pin plug is inserted into the socket, the electric iron gets connected to the earth.
 
Types of earthing:
There are various methods of earthing like:
(i) Wire earthing
(ii) Rod earthing
(iii) Pipe earthing
(iv)Wire earthing
(v) Plate earthing
 C o n ve n ti o n alSym b o lsfo re le ctrialIn stalti o n san d
A ce so rie so fw irn g
 
(A )
Fu se-boards
Lightin gciruitfuse-bo ards:
 
(a)Mainfuse-bo ard withou tswitches
(b)Main fuse-board withswitch es
(c)Distrib utionfu se-board w ithoutsw itches
(d)Distrib utionfu se-board with switches
owerciufuit se-boards
P
(a)Mainfuse-bo ard withou tswitches
(b)Main fuse-board withswitch es
(c)Distrib utionfu se-board w ithoutsw itches
(d)Distrib utionfu se-board with switches
(B )
Switchan d Switcho utlets
(I)onew ayswitch
(a)Sinpo gle le
(b)Two -pole
(c)Thre-po le
(i)Two-w ayswitch
(i)Intermed iateswitch
(iv)Push -butto norbel-pu sh
 
 
 
 
(C )
 Soou cket tles
(i)Socketou tle,5A
 
(i)Soocket utlet,15A
(i)Com bined switch andsoou cket tle,5A
 
 
 
(D )
(i)Switch -generalsymbol
(a)Twow ay
(b )Intermediate
(i)Th re-poleswitch,m ultilinerpresn tation
(i)Thre-poleswitch sin, gleinerpresntati on
(iv)Circuitb reak
(v)Isolator
(vi)Terminalstrip
(vi)Ln k
(vi)O pen link
 
(ix)Distribu tionb oard cubicalb ox
(E)
Con tacs
(i)So   cket
 
(i)Plug
 
(i)Plugan d socket
 
(iv)Re or layco ntactorcon tac,normaly
open (NO)
 
(v)Re or layco ntactorcon tacnormaly
clo sed (NC)
 
(vi)Pu sh-butto nwithm omentaryclo sed
contact(n ormalyop encontact)
 
(vi)Push-b uttonw ith momen taryopen
contact(norm alyclosedcontact)
 
(vi)Thermaloverlo adrelaycontact
 
(ix)Tm e-delayrcontact
 
(x)Limsw it itch(N C contact)
 
(xi)Lmsw it itch(N Ocontact)
 
 
 
(F)
 Ranelys d contactors
 
(i)Coilo felctro-magneti crelayorcontacto r
(i)Thermalo verload relay
(i)Electrayoperated thre-p olecontactor
(iv)Electray eratdthre-poleco ntactorwith thermaloverload de
op invcealthre-pole
(v)Tim edelayre(TDR)
(G )
Lampan d Lightin gApparatu s
(i)Lampo routletfolam r p
(i)Grou p ofthre4 0 Wlamp s
(i)Lampm ounted onwor alligh tbracket
(iv)Lampm ounted onceilng
(v)Fluorescn tlamp
(vi)Grou p ofthre40 Wfluorescn tlamps
(H )
 Fan s
(i)Ceilngfan
(i)Bracketfn
(i)Exhaustfan
 
(iv)Fanregulato r
(I)
Earthing
Earth point
(J)
Miscelaneo usApp artus
 
(i)Fu se
 
(i)Sgnlamp
 
(i)Indicato r
(iv)Hor n
 
(v)B el
 
(vi)Buzzer
 
(vi)Sren

 
 Electrical Accessories
 1. Switch:
A switch is a device which is used to either establish a closed circuit or to withdraw it. When the circuit is established then the switch is said to be in 'ON' position. Similarly when the circuit is withdrawn or disconnected then the switch is said to be in 'OFF' position. For domestic lighting switches of 5A and 15A are standardized.
 Various types of switches are..(i) One way switch
In this type, there are two terminals with contact between them. It is operated by a knob. A spring is used for quick operation. This type of switch is predominantly used for controlling most of the electrical appliances, like lamp, fan, T.V., etc.
 
 Electrical Accessories

 1. Switch:
A switch is a device which is used to either establish a closed circuit or to withdraw it. When the circuit is established then the switch is said to be in 'ON' position. Similarly when the circuit is withdrawn or disconnected then the switch is said to be in 'OFF' position. For domestic lighting switches of 5A and 15A are standardized.
 Various types of switches are...
 i) One way switch
In this type, there are two terminals with contact between them. It is operated by a knob. A spring is used for quick operation. This type of switch is predominantly used for controlling most of the electrical appliances, like lamp, fan, T.V., etc.
 (ii) Two way switch (May 2015)
Two way switches is used to control an electric device from two different places. Lights at bed rooms and staircases are usually provided with two way switches.
When switch I is operated, point A comes in contact with point B and the lamp starts glowing. When switch II is operated, point D comes in contact with point C and the lamp starts glowing. One way switch and two way switch are surface switches.
 (iii) Push button switch
In this type of switch, two contacts connect by a metal ring. Metal ring is operated through a button. When pressure is applied by finger on a button, contact is established. This type of switch is used in doorbell.
 (iv) Pull Switch
The pull switches normally work with the strong mechanical action. It is usually operated by a single pull both for 'ON' and 'OFF'. This switch is installed on the ceiling and a chord is made to hang from the top for operating it.
 2. Lamp holder:
Lamp holder is used to hold the lamp at desirable positions and locations.Earlier brass holders were used, but due to increase in the cost of brass, backalite lamp holders are widely used.
Based on the method of holding a lamp, the types of lamp holders are:
Bayonet cap lamp holder
Screw type lamp holder
Adison type lamp holder
Goliath type lamp holder
In the bayonet cap lamp holder there are two pins and one spring. In the upper portion there are two slots in which two small pins of the lamp fits.
Based on mounting the types of holder are....
 Pendent holder: this type of holder is used to hold the lamp when it is required to be suspended from the ceiling.
 
Batten holder: This type of holder is normally fixed to the switch board directly. It may be mounted on the square or round wooden block.
 
Angle holder: This holder is fixed to the wall with some angle.
 
Bracket holder: This type of holder is used in table lamps.
  

3. Ceiling Rose:
Ceiling rose is fixed in the ceiling or on the walls. It is used to tap the current for lamp, tube light or ceiling fan, etc. using a flexible wire. It is fixed on the square or round wooden block. Usually a low voltage of less than 250 V is tapped from this device.

4. Adaptor:
It is used for small portable electric appliances to tap power temporarily from holder. It is made of backalite. It has two small pins which fits into the lamp holder. On the upper side there are two terminals.
 5. Connector:
A connector is used to tap power supply from relay, timer, etc. For tube light and fan connection connector may be used. By connector the connection is obtained without joining wires.
 
6. Distribution board (D.B.)
This is used to distribute the total supply into the required number of subcircuits. The number of points connected to one sub circuit should not exceed 10 and the total connected load should not exceed 800 watts. For each subcircuit a 15 A fuse is provided on the phase wire.
 7. Socket outlet:
Socket out is normally fixed in the switch board with the control of switch. It consists of a socket base having two or three terminal sleeves. The two thin sleeves are used to connect with the phase and neutral of the load and the third sleeve which is slightly larger in cross-section is used to connect the earth.
 8. Plug:
The plug is used to tap power from the socket outlets. This is usually connected with the flexible wire of the portable electrical appliances such as table fan, radio, electric iron, etc. It is of two types; one is of two pin plug and other is a three pin plug. Two pin plug consists of two brass pins of same size in which one is phase and other is neutral.

 
 9. Mounting blocks:
Mounting blocks are square or round wooden blocks. It is used as insulated base on ceiling and walls, for fitting all electrical devices such as ceiling rose, batten lamp holder, surface switches, etc.
10. Main switch:
A main switch is fixed near the energy meter in a distribution board and controls the complete electrical system of the building. This is also called as iron clad switch and is available in following types:
Double pole iron clad switch (DPIC) used for controlling single phase connection.
Triple pole iron clad switch (TPIC) used for controlling three phase connection .