How Wireless Communication Works

How Wireless
Communication Works?
By:
DANTE M. HALLASGO
Instructor: English 104, English 103 & English 6b
BSBA & BSIT Dept.- BSU-KESC
E-mail: hallasgodante@yahoo.com
Facebook: www.facebook.com/dhanexz
How Wireless Communication Works?
• Cellular radio telephones, also known as cell
phones, communicate by sending radio signals to
a cell tower. Each cell tower has a certain range
within which it can receive the radio signals. The
range of each tower overlaps with that of another
tower so as a mobile cell phone user travels,
communication is uninterrupted. To communicate
with the user of a wired telephone, the cell phone
radio signals are routed from the cell tower to a
mobile switching center, which in turn routes the
signals to the telephone company. The signals
then travel over telephone lines to reach a wired
telephone.
• Two-way transmissions require both a
transmitter and a receiver for sending
and receiving signals. A device that
functions as both a transmitter and a
receiver is called a transceiver.
Cellular radio telephones and two-way
radios use transceivers, so that back-
and-forth communication between two
people can be maintained.
• Early transceivers were very large, but
they have decreased in size due to
advances in technology. Fixed-base
transceivers, such as those used at
police stations, can fit on a desktop,
and hand-held transceivers have
shrunk in size as well. Several current
models of handheld transceivers
weigh less than 0.2 kg (0.5 lb).
• Some pagers also use transceivers to

provide limited response
options. These brief return-
communication opportunities allow
paging users to acknowledge
reception of a page and to respond
using a limited menu of options.
Modes of Wireless Communication
• Wireless communications systems
have grown and changed as
technology has improved. Several
different systems are used today, all of
which operate on different radio
frequencies. New technologies are
being developed to provide greater
service and reliability.
• A. Sea and Air Transceiver

• B. Handheld Radio Transceiver
• C. Shortwave Transceiver
• D. Cellular Radio Telephone
• E. Satellite Communication
• F. Radio Modems
• G. Ultrawideband
• A. Sea and Air
Transceiver
• Maritime Radio
• Ships must carry
communications
equipment on board for
safety and navigation.
Military vessels have
entire rooms devoted to
radio equipment, but a
small ship’s radio
system can fit on a
desktop.
• Maritime and aviation
telecommunications systems now use
high-frequency radios and satellites
capable of transmitting speech and text,
rather than wireless telegraphy, to send
messages. Aircraft pilots use radios to
communicate with air traffic controllers at
airports and also to communicate with
other pilots.

• Navigation beacons are equipped with
transmitters that send automated signals to
help ships and aircraft in distress determine
their positions. While high-frequency radio
can transmit signals over long distances, the
quality of these signals can be diminished by
bad weather or by electrical interference in
the atmosphere, which is often caused by
radiation from the Sun.
• Police, fire, and other emergency organizations, as
well as the military, have used two-way wireless radio
communication since the 1930s. Early vehicle-based
radios were large, heavy units. After the invention of
the transistor in 1948, radios shrank in size to small
handheld radio transceivers. Public two-way radios
with several frequency options are widely available as
well. Usually limited in range to a few miles, these
units are great aids for such mobile professionals as
construction workers, film crews, event planners, and
security personnel.
• Simpler two-way radios, called walkie-talkies,
have been popular children’s toys for years. Most
walkie-talkies broadcast on channel 14 of the
citizens band (CB), a range of frequencies
grouped into channels and allocated for public
use. CB radios can transmit and receive on 40
different channels. An unlicensed radio service,
the Family Radio Service, allows individuals to
use high-frequency wireless devices with a range
of up to 3.2 km (2 mi).
• C. Software Transceiver
• Long-range broadcast services and frequencies,
in what is known as the shortwave radio band
(with frequencies of 3 to 30 megahertz), are
available for amateur or ham radio operators.
Shortwave radio broadcasts can travel long
distances because of the concentration of
ionized, or electrically charged, particles in the
layer of the atmosphere known as the
ionosphere. The ionosphere reflects radio
signals, so that signals transmitted upward are
reflected back to the surface of Earth.
• C. Software Transceiver
• This skipping of waves against the ionosphere can
greatly increase the range of the transmitter. These
broadcasts can travel thousands of kilometers. Under
certain conditions and on special “clear channel”
frequencies, listeners of AM radio can receive a signal
from several time zones away. Shortwave radio
listeners sometimes can receive signals from the other
side of the world. The degree of reflectivity of the
ionosphere depends on the time of day. During daylight
hours, the ionosphere has the concentration of ions
necessary for reflecting radio waves only at the higher
frequencies of the shortwave band.
• D. Cellular Radio
Telephones
• Students use a
cellular radio
telephone, also
known as a cell
phone. As cell
phones have grown
in popularity, they
have also decreased
in size.
• D. Cellular Radio Telephones
• Cellular radio telephones, or cell phones,
combine their portable radio capability with
the wired, or wire-based, telephone network
to provide mobile users with access to the
rest of the public telephone system used by
nonmobile callers. An early form of radio
telephone communicated with a single
powerful antenna within a given geographic
or metropolitan area.
• Modern cellular telephones use a network of
several short-range antennas known as
towers that connect to the telephone
system. Because the antennas have a
shorter range and cover a smaller area,
often as short as 1.5 to 2.4 km (1.0 to 1.5
mi), frequencies can be reused a short
distance away without overlapping and
causing interference.
• Cell phone towers pick up requests from cell
phones for a dial tone and also deliver
inbound calls to the appropriate cell phone
or deliver calls to people using regular
telephones on the wire-based system. To do
any of these things, the cell phone must
have a singular identity that can be
recognized by computers housed in a
central mobile telephone switching office
(MTSO).
• When a cell phone is turned on, it connects
by radio waves to the nearest cell tower
(tower receiving the strongest signal). The
cell towers are spaced so their receiving
ranges slightly overlap. This continuous
contact makes it possible for the MTSO to
transfer a call from tower to tower as a
mobile cell phone user (in a moving vehicle,
for instance) moves from one cell area to
another.
• The Syncom 4 communications
satellite was launched from the
space shuttle Discovery.
Modern communications
satellites receive, amplify, and
retransmit information back to
earth, providing television,
telefax, telephone, radio, and
digital data links around the
world. Syncom 4 follows a
geosynchronous orbit—that is,
it orbits at the same speed as
the earth spins, keeping the
satellite in a fixed position
above earth. This type of orbit
enables uninterrupted
communication links between
ground stations.
• Satellite communications services
connect users directly to the telephone
network from almost anywhere in the
world. Special telephones are available to
consumers that communicate directly
with communications satellites orbiting
Earth. The satellites transmit these
signals to ground stations that are
connected to the telephone system.
• These satellite services, while more
expensive than cellular or other wireless
services, give users access to the
telephone network in areas of the world
where no wired or cellular telephone service
exists. Satellite phones are also able to
deliver video images through videophones
that use tiny cameras and transmit their
images via the satellite phone.
• F. Radio Modems
• Wi-Fi, an abbreviation for wireless fidelity, is a
wireless communication technology that can
provide connections between portable
computers and wired connections to the
Internet. To connect users with the Internet, Wi-
Fi devices use low-power transmitters and
receivers equipped with special computer chips
containing radio modems. The chips can be
installed in laptop computers, personal digital
assistants (PDAs), and cellular telephones.
• F. Radio Modems
• Radio modems provide the same functions as
modems that operate with conventional wire-based
networks: They modulate and demodulate signals to
mimic digital bitstreams, the same format used by
computers. Wi-Fi-equipped computers, cell phones,
and PDAs provide mobile, wireless access to e-mail
and Internet sites. The radio modems must be in
range of a Wi-Fi device containing a transmitter and
receiver that is connected to a landline providing
Internet access. Areas within range of a Wi-Fi
transmitter and receiver are known as hot spots.
• F. Radio Modems
• Current technical standards limit the range
to distances of about 90 m (300 ft). Many
transmitters, however, can be linked to
cover a wider area, such as an airport or
hotel. Current Wi-Fi standards enable data
to be sent at high speeds ranging from 11 to
54 megabits per second. This is known as a
broadband connection because a vast
amount of data can be sent quickly.
• F. Radio Modems
• A new technology known as WiMax
promises to extend the range of a
transmitter and receiver to about 48 km (30
mi). The WiMax technology also expands
the capabilities of broadband connections
by enabling users to remain connected to
Internet hot spots even when traveling in an
automobile or train at speeds up to 250
km/h (155 mph).
• G. Ultrawideband (UWB)
• Wi-Fi may eventually give way to another
radio technology known as ultrawideband
(UWB), according to some experts. Unlike
Wi-Fi, UWB does not use a single radio
frequency but sends its radio signals in
short pulses across the entire radio
spectrum. This technology reduces
interference and enables UWB to send
larger amounts of data than Wi-Fi.
• UWB is expected to be used to connect all
types of electronic equipment within a home
without the use of wires. For example,
stereo speakers could be connected to a
high-definition television set, and the
television could receive signals from a DVD
player, and the DVD player could be
connected to a personal computer, and all
these connections could be done wirelessly.
• A single standard for UWB technology was
approved in March 2005 by the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC). The
single standard was expected to end a
standoff between various industry groups
and lead to faster implementation of UWB
technology. Devices using UWB technology
could reach the marketplace by 2006,
according to some predictions.
T h a n k y o u…
Finished…

How Wireless Communication Works

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How Wireless

• Some pagers also use transceivers to

• A. Sea and Air Transceiver

• A. Sea and Air Transceiver

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