Predisposing Factors: Precipitating Factors:

• Age • Toilet habits

• Sex • Fluid intake
• Urinary Tract Abnormalities Etiology • Malnutrition
• Blockages in the urinary • Catheterization
tract
• Suppressed immune system
Pathogenic Microorganisms:
 Escherichia coli
 Proteus
 Klebsiella
 Enterobacter

Ascending infection by coliform

bacteria in distal urethra and
introitus

Adhere to mucosal surfaces

Multiplication of bacteria

Interruption in the normal

homeostatic environment of
the urinary tract
 Immune response by the body Cloudy, strong-
(defense mechanism to foreign smelling urine
Increased WBC
bodies) subsequent to
pus formation S/Sx:
Pyuria
Cytokines and prostaglandin
release
Diagnostic Test:
• Urinalysis
Body induces the action of (+) positive
cytokines and prostaglandin leukocyte esterase
- presence of blood
and pus in the urine
indicates infection
Body responds by producing Inflammation of the lining of
S/Sx: Fever or inflammation
physiologic changes aimed at the urinary tract
(low-grade) along urinary tract
elevating body temperature

Change in urine
Nursing color S/Sx:
Intervention: Hematuria
• Tepid sponge S/Sx:
bath Narrowed urine Irritation of the urinary tract
Dysuria Pain
• Encourage to passage
increase oral
fluid intake S/Sx: Urinary Nursing
Poor emptying of the Spasm of the bladder Intervention:
bladder incontinence
S/Sx: frequent • Encourage to
urination and increase oral
urinary fluid intake
urgency • Provide rest
periods to
Lower Urinary Tract
promote relief,
Infection
sleep, and
relaxation
 Diagnostic Test:
• Urine culture
(+) presence of blood and pus in the
urine indicates infection or
inflammation, either in the kidneys or
anywhere else along urinary tract

Diagnostic Test:
Management: Antibiotic Therapy
• Ultrasonography
• Suprax 8mg/day
- can determine whether the UTI is
uncomplicated or complicated
(+) inflammation along the urinary
tract

Diagnostic Test:
• Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
- For better visualization of the
urinary tract and to determine any
inflammation, infection or
abnormalities in the urinary tract

If managed well If not managed well

Resolution, Colonization of bacteria to the

Good prognosis inner lining of the bladder

Organisms introduced are cleared by continual

flushing of voiding and antibacterial mechanism:
Activation of Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and IgA
 Impairment of mechanisms can cause outflow and
bladder dysfunction

Incomplete emptying and increased residual

volume

Continuous multiplication causes incompetence of

vesicoureteral valve

Ascend to renal pelvis (renal parenchyma)

UPPER URINARY TRACT INFECTION

Management: Antibiotic Therapy

• Augmentin 200 mg/ 5mL every 12
hours

If religiously taken If not religiously taken

Resolution, Worsening complications affecting major

Good prognosis regulatory functioning to maintain homeostasis

Nursing Intervention: S/Sx: Bacteremia

• Close monitoring of vital
signs, especially blood
pressure
• Maintain bedrest and assist
with care activities
• Administer parenteral fluids
• Pain on lower sides of
the back
• Nausea and vomiting Urosepsis
• Extreme tiredness
• Decreased urine output
• Difficulty breathing Septic shock
Blood pressure decrease to
dangerously low levels

Severe reduction in tissue

perfusion

Failure of multiple organs

Death