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Denotation and Connotation (Revised)
Denotation and Connotation (Revised)
Denotation and Connotation (Revised)
Faculty of Letters
Masters in Translation and Interpreting
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à
|
´ m noun like ` from English or his Romanian equivalent `` has
positive connotations: beauty, perfume, youth, freshness; and the word
± has negative connotations: ugliness, rapacity, danger for
people
´ hese are connotations accepted by a very large social group, that allow
us to call them (conventionally) ±
``
``
`
B Synchronic evocation:
1 Semantic dominant
2 Metasense
3 he ominant of the grammatical sense
4 Echo-Words
EXmMPLES
Once upon a time, on an inhabited island on the shores of the Red Sea,
there lived a ë
the rays of the sun were reflected
in more-than-oriental splendour mnd the Parsee lived by the Red Sea
with nothing but his hat and his knife and a cooking-stove
that you must particularly
mnd one day he took flour and
water and
and and sugar , and made himself
which was two feet
and three feet It was indeed
a
, and he put it on the stove
because baked it
But just as he was going to eat it there came down to the
beach from the
one Rhinoceros with
a horn on his nose, two piggy eyes, and few manners In those days, the
Rhinoceros's skin fitted him quite tight here were no wrinkles in it
anywhere He looked exactly like a !
"
, but of
course much bigger''
("How the Rhinoceros Got His Skin", Rudyard Kipling)
à ü
> Some words and phrases are difficult concerning denotations and translation
> Parsee "pars"(neatestat de LRM, LRC etc,, dar prezent in |`
`` publ de
Ed mcademiei RSR, 1966); la origine, persan inchinator al lui Zoroastru si al focului, refugiat in
India dupa 766 en pentru a scapa de persecutia mahomedanilor
> `
etc - parsii purtau (atat in casa cat si afara) palarii conice dintr-un
material lucios
>
`
"din cele pe care, cu nici un chip, nu trebuie sa le atingi"
> `` (aici) "stafide negre"
> (aici) "stafide obisnuite"
>
"si multe altele", "si cate si mai cate"
>
"o prajitura", "o turta"; nu are valoarea accentuala a numeralului - este doar
un inlocuitor al articolului in limbajul copiilor
> `
(in) lungime si (in) latime
> a ``
" "mliment Superior" (Kipling imita ironic reclamele comerciale, dupa
cum reiese si din paranteza #
$
"ce magie a cuvintelor"!)
>
` "pana cand s-a innegrit de prajita ce era"
>
"si mirosea grozav de imbietor", "si mirosul te innebunea, nu
alta" ( , ca atatea alte cuvinte, e dinanins folosit impropriu)
>
%
`
&
' `` "inutul cu totul si cu totul de nelocuit"; Kipling
parodiaza stilul povestilor cu uriasi pe care le-a citit in copilarie (caracteristice sunt si initialele
majuscule)
>
!#
%`
( ` "un rinocer din corabia/arca lui oe"; referirea e la o jucarie pentru copii
imitand arca lui oe
(Leviţchi, 1993: 30)
#$
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#
" ,
,
& #'
(
#
) #%ë ,
*
,&+,+
-,&++.ü./
> Intrucat nimeni nu contesta faptul ca atat cei mari cat si cei obscuri trebuie sa moara, valoarea poeziei sta in
bogatele sale asociatii
> O parafrazare a poeziei ar putea sugera ca fondul sau continutul de idei, desi catusi de putin banal, este atat de
evident incat nu ar necesita 24 de versuri muzicale, alcatuite cu efort: "Ierarhia pamanteasca este nerealista
pentru ca sfarseste in moarte, inevitabila atat pentru regi, cat si pentru tarani Luptatorii pot castiga faima
omorand, dar si ei sunt supusi mortii Faima e trecatoare, biruitorii sunt victime, toate sunt muritoare; numai faptele
bune supravietuiesc dupa moarte" e putem intreba daca poezia spune mai mult decat atat
> Imaginile extrem de concrete dau forta poeziei si o salveaza din conditia de morala plictisitoare pe marginea unei
platitudini Pana si rangul devine "sange" (de obicei un cuvant tulburator); nu exista "platosa" care sa ne apere
impotriva soartei, iar mana sortii e "inghetata" () - o mana reala; regalitatea e zugravita ca "sceptru si coroana"
si aceste obiecte reprezentative nu "cad", ci, intr-un chip mai brutal si intr-un limbaj mai simplu, "se poticnesc",
ceea ce sugereaza slabiciunea si neajutorarea copilariei Saracul nu este un vag "pastor" - il tipizeaza "coasa si
harletul"; Faima este laur si "ghirlanda" reala; si cum "ghirlanda" e reala, ea trebuie sa se "vestejeasca" repede
Faptele dreptatii sunt flori "placut mirositoare"
> mltarul mortii este "purpuriu", imbinand culorile "sangelui"si ale "rangului", iar "recele mormant" ne reaminteste
"mana de gheata" a mortii mceasta "rezumare" a imaginilor, intocmai ca rezumarea de catre o bijuterie a stralucirii
unei catarame, reprezinta una dintre trasaturile cele mai artistice ale poeziei Sceptru, coroana, coasa, hârleÕ -
toate vor zacea in Õărână; dar tot in tarana vor inflori faptele dreptilor "Biata coasa incovoiata" ne poarta catre cei
care, cu mai putina lipsa de vina, "secera" campul cu sabiile - metafora de-a dreptul oribila daca ne gandim bine
upa toate probabilitatile, Shirley se foloseste aici de asocierea coasei cu impul si Moartea; poate ca se
gandeste si la coasele de pe rotile stravechilor care britone care - sinistru spectacol! - "secerau campul" Laurii
saditi de luptatori pe campul ingrasat de sange (cred ca trebuie sa interpretam versul 10 in acest mod brutal;
sangele este un bun ingrasamant pentru laurii faimei militare) pregatesc cununile de pe fruntea cuceritorilor si sunt
contrastati cu florile faptelor celor drepti; florile au un miros suav; sangele si laurii au un miros neplacut
(Leviţchi, 1993: 89)
./
> "%) ± a primary colour, or any of a spread of colours at the lower end of the visible spectrum
varying in hue from that of blood to pale rose or pink
V
`
`
`
> m
# (or scarlet day in academia) is any day of special significance; holidays (days
printed in red on calendars: Sundays, Christmas ay, Easter) etc
V
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a
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)
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+
, )
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+
> o
means to celebrate flamboyantly and publicly, especially to go on a
wild spree, usually involving multiple bars, restaurants and clubs plus copious quantities of
alcohol ë
is, by definition, a group activity, requiring at least two people
$`
`
`
`
`
> "
± to welcome and entertain in a grand and impressive style
V
`
`
> "
± a carpet laid down for important visitors
, )
`
`
`
-` )
> "
± deferential treatment accorded to a person of importance
V
` `
`
`
> " ± embarrassed
> " ± in the act of committing a crime or doing something wrong or shameful
V
`
`
`
` (Margaret hatcher)
> (
± to be extremely angry
-
)
`
> " ± a warning signal; something that demands attention or provokes an irritated reaction;
red flag as a warning of danger or a problem:
V
`
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)
`
`
> " ± excessive formality and routine required before official action can be taken;
bureaucratic procedures that delay progress:
-
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> "
± an international organization that cares for the wounded, sick, and homeless in
wartime, according to the terms of the Geneva Convention of 1864, and now also during and
following natural disasters
ù
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&
a
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> ë% the primary colour between green and orange in the visible spectrum
j
+
> ë
Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create
sensations and attract readers
,
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a
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-
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3
> ëë m volume or section of a telephone directory that lists business, services, or
products alphabetically according to field
V
(
ë
"
`
`
`
`
`
`
> ë an offensive term meaning so cowardly and mean as to be beneath contempt
(informal insult)
V
)`
#,
4
> ë
an employer-employee contract, now illegal, by which an applicant for a
job agrees not to be a labour-union member while employed
> ë
`
`
2567
`
`
(of the colour yellow; having a yellow-brown skin colour; - offensive being a person of
msian origin)
> * %
> a film that shows a lot of sexual activity
"`
[
#
> * (Indecent) vulgar
'
`
[
!$
+
> m dress blue uniform, especially that of the US mrmy
> j
> (
someone loyal and faithful
> unexpected (could be positive or negative)
> *
first rate, top prize
> * person of noble birth, royalty
> * well-read or scholarly woman
> * register of socially prominent people
> (* (capitalized) ± popular style of music sometimes characterized by melancholy melodies and words
> * # Blue eyes (also see Bad blue words)
> *
> 3 feeling sad or depressed
> * feelings of depression
> (not capitalized) ± depression, state of sadness
> * # feeling sad
> * # post-partum depression
> bemoaning one¶s circumstances
> * laws originally intended to enforce certain moral standards
> * profanity
> * puritanical individual
> entering the unknown or escape to parts unknown
> unexpected (could be positive or negative)
> j
>
#
± jealousy
he phrase was used by, and possibly coined by, Shakespeare to denote jealousy, in V
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In ;
Shakespeare also alludes to cats as green-eyed monsters in the way that they play with
mice before killing them
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> any person who is expected to bring honour, glory, etc to
some group, place, etc
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