GROUP IV ANIONS

-distinguish by the insolubility of their silver salts in acid

solution.

By:
Nono, Bren Deanne V.
Pangilinan,Ma. Diana M.
Ragragio, Millaine Joy E.
THIOSULFATE (S2
O3-2)

• The thiosulfate salts are amazingly stable and are

excellent complexing agent for metal ions. 
• Thiosulfate is potentially a cheaper reagent for use in alkaline or
near-neutral solutions in the presence of a mild oxidant such as
dioxygen
• Alkaline conditions must be used to prevent the decomposition of
thiosulfate.
PROPERTIES

Molecular Formula : [S2O3 2-]

Molecular Weight : 112.12 g/mol
Charge: -2
Molecular Shape : Tetrahedral
Formal Charge: -2

HAZARDS

Thiosulfate causes rapid corrosion of metals

Ingestion: May cause irritation of the
digestive tract. May be harmful if swallowed.
Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract
irritation. May be harmful if inhaled.
APPLICATIONS
• Sodium thiosulfate • Silver Thiosulfate (Ag2S2O3 ) • Ammonium Thiosulfate
(Na2S2O3 ) is commonly used to block the ((NH4)2S2O3 ) is the most
is an inorganic sodium salt. It action of ethylene in plant cell commonly used S-containing
has a role as an antidote cultures. Silver Thiosulfate is fluid fertilizer. Manufacturers
to cyanide poisoning, a commonly used to block the produce it by reacting sulfur
action of ethylene in plant cell dioxide, elemental S and
nephroprotective agent and cultures. Ethylene increases
aqueous ammonia. Other
an antifungal drug. during senescence and common fluid thiosulfate
ripening, and has been shown fertilizers are similarly
to increase in plant cell produced.
cultures due to wounding or
the presence of auxins. 
THIOSULFATE (S2
O3-2)

CONFIRMATORY: precipitate
changes color from white to
yellow/orange/brown to final
color - black
COMPOUND: Silver Thiosulfate
Ag2 S2 O3
CHLORIDE (Cl-)

• It is formed when the element chlorine (a halogen) gains an electron or when

a compound such as hydrogen chloride is dissolved in water or other polar
solvents.
• A chloride ion is much larger than a chlorine atom, 167 and 99 pm, respectively.
• The ion is colorless and diamagnetic.
• In aqueous solution, it is highly soluble in most cases; however, some chloride
salts, such as silver chloride, lead(II) chloride, and mercury(I) chloride are slightly
soluble in water. In aqueous solution, chloride is bound by the protic end of the
PROPERTIES

Molecular Formula : [Cl-]

Molecular Weight: 35.45 g/mol
Molecular Mass: 34.969 g/mol
Formal Charge: -1

HAZARDS

Skin: May cause skin irritation.

Eyes: Causes eye irritation.
Ingestion: Ingestion of large quantities can
irritate the stomach (as in overuse of salt
tablets) with nausea and vomiting.
APPLICATIONS
• Sodium chloride (NaCl) - is
a natural emulsifier. It readily
blends oils into water, which
industries frequently use to
create synthetic rubber,
essential oil dispersants, and
more.
• Calcium chloride (CaCl2) is • Barium Chloride
used in the manufacturing of Dihydrate (BaCl2 · 2H2O) is
plastics and the production of used in waste water
calcium salt. It is used in the treatment, the production of
production of concrete. PVC stabilizers, oil lubricants,
Calcium chloride accelerates barium chromate and barium
the curing (drying) speed of fluoride.
poured concrete. Drilling of
gas and oil wells is more
efficient when calcium chloride
fluids are used. Calcium
chloride may also be used as
an additive to swimming
pools, fabric softeners and fire
extinguishers.
CHLORIDE (Cl-)

CONFIRMATORY: White
precipitate
COMPOUND: Silver
Chloride
AgCl
Bromide (Br-)

• Is a halide anion and a monoatomic bromine.

• is a chemical compound containing a bromide ion or ligand.
• Bromine is a brown or red liquid with a characteristic odor.
PROPERTIES

Molecular Formula : [Br-]

Molecular Weight: 79.904 g/mol
Molecular Mass: 79.90400 g/mol
Formal Charge: -1

HAZARDS
Though it is known that the bromine
does not harm immediately on contact,
prolonged exposure to it may lead to
thyroid gland dysfunction.
It can hamper iodine levels in the
body, exposing an individual to risk of
cancer.
Bromide has a pungent odour and is
irritating to the skin, eyes, and
 APPLICATIONS
• Sodium Bromide (NaBr)
- is an inorganic sodium
salt having bromide as the
counterion. It is a bromide
salt and an inorganic
sodium salt.
Calcium bromide (CaBr2) - is Lithium Bromide (LiBr) -
used in two main applications – white powder with a bitter
clear brine fluids in oil & gas and taste; melts at 547°C,
as an oxidizer for mercury soluble in water, alcohol and
emissions control. In upstream glycol; used as a
oil and gas, calcium bromide is operating medium for air-
used to control wellbore conditioning and industrial
pressures during completion and drying system due to its very
workover operations. hygroscopic property. and as
a sedative and hypnotic in
medicine.
BROMIDE (Br-)

CONFIRMATORY:
Yellow/orange color in
CCl4 layer
COMPOUND:Bromine
in Carbon Tetrachloride
B2 in CCl4
THIOCYANATE (CNS
−
)

• Also known as rhodanide, (from a Greek word for rose) because of the red color
of its complexes with iron.
• Thiocyanates are a group of compounds formed from a combination of sulfur,
carbon, and nitrogen. 
• Common derivatives include the colourless salts potassium thiocyanate and
sodium thiocyanate.
• Thiocyanate is principally used for determination of Fe(III), Mo, W, Nb, Re, Co, U,
and Ti.
• The determination of metals by thiocyanate is carried out in aqueous or
aqueous-acetone media, or after extraction with oxygen-containing solvents.
PROPERTIES
Molecular Weight: 58.078 g/mol
Structural Formula: [S=C=N]-
Molecular Mass: 57.975 g/mol
Formal Charge: -1
HAZARDS
• Inhalation of dust causes irritation of nose and throat.
• Dust irritates eyes.
• This reaction occurs in the environment (for example, in industrial waste
streams that contain cyanide) and in the human body after cyanide ingestion.
• Thiocyanates are known to affect the thyroid glands, reducing the ability of the
gland to produce hormones that are necessary for the normal function of the
body.
• Exposure to high levels of cyanide for a short time harms the brain and heart
and can even cause coma and death.
APPLICATIONS
Potassium thiocyanate Sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) -
(KSCN) - the chemical industry solvent of acrylic fibre and Ammonium thiocyanate
uses this inorganic reagent to chemical analytical reagent, photo (NH4SCN) – Bleaches
produce photographs and chemicals, defoliating agent of
textiles and to manufacture some plants; also used in
herbicides, fungicides and pharmaceutical, dyeing, rubber
pesticides. treatment, black nickel plating
industry
THIOCYANATE
(CNS −)

CONFIRMATORY: Red
coloration of the solution
COMPOUND: Iron (III)
Thiocyanate
Fe(CNS)6 3-
Iodide ( I- )

• Iodide is one of the largest monatomic anions.

• The iodide ion is a strong reducing agent; that is, it readily gives
up one electron.
• Iodide is violet when dissolved in carbon tetrachloride and
saturated hydrocarbons but deep brown in alcohols and amines,
solvents that form charge-transfer adducts.
PROPERTIES

Molecular Formula: I-
Molecular Weight:126.904 g/mol
Formal Charge: -1

HAZARDS
• Inhalation - May cause irritation to the respiratory tract. Symptoms may include
coughing and shortness of breath.
• Ingestion - Large oral doses may cause irritation to the gastrointestinal tract.
• Skin Contact - May cause irritation with redness and pain.
• Eye Contact - May cause irritation, redness and pain.
• Chronic Exposure - Chronic ingestion of iodides may produce "iodism," which
may be manifested by skin rash, running nose, headache and irritation of
mucous membranes. Weakness, anemia, loss of weight, and general depression
may also occur.
APPLICATIONS
Potassium iodide (KI) is a
chemical compound, medication,
and dietary supplement. As a
medication it is used to treat
hyperthyroidism, in radiation
emergencies, and to protect the
thyroid gland when certain types
of radiopharmaceuticals are
used.
Sodium iodide (NaI) is a
source of iodine and can be
administered as a supplement
for total parenteral nutrition 2
but is more commonly used in
veterinary medicine.
Lead iodide (PbI2) was
formerly used as a paint
pigment under the name
"iodine yellow".
Iodide ( I- )

CONFIRMATORY: Violet color in

CCl4 layer
COMPOUND: Iodine in Carbon
Tetrachloride
I2 in CCl4
 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

STOCK SOLUTION
CENTRIFUGATE FROM PROCEDURE 9

CENTRIFUGATE CENTRIFUGATE
• main centrifugate • 3 drops of
• slowly w/ stirring centrifugate from
saturated AgAc sol'n procedure 9
until ppt complete • Acidify w/ 3F HNO3
• Acidify w/ acetic acid
(precipitate -
• Stir thoroughly then
presence of G. IV)
centrifugate THIOSULFATES
(precipitate changes color from white to
yellow/orange/brown to final color - black)

PRECIPITATE CENTRIFUGATE
(Ag2S, AgCl, AgCNS, AgI & AgBr)
• Wash ppt. thru H2O • Centrifugate
containing a few drop of 3F contains anions of G.
HNO3 until removed V
washings no longer give a
 PRECIPITATE
(Ag2S, AgCl, AgCNS, AgI & AgBr)
• Discard washing
• Wash once agan w/ distilled H2O to
remove HNO3 & discard washings
• Treat washed ppt. w/ 10 d of
ammoniacal AgNO3
• Stir thoroughly & cetrifuge

PRECIPITATE CENTRIFUGATE
(Ag2S, AgCNS, AgI &
AgBr) • 3F HNO3 until sol'n is
SMALL PORTION LARGE PORTION decidely acid
CHLORIDE
• Transfer to a spot plate • 10d H2O White precipitate
• 1 d of 3F HCl • Acidify withe excess
• 1d 1F FeCl3 3F HAc
• 1g of Zinc dust
THIOCYANATE • Stir for 5mins &
Red Coloration
centrifugate
PRECIPITAT CENTRIFUGAT
E E
PRECIPITAT CENTRIFUGAT
• Ag &Eexcess Zn E
discard • 10d ofBr
(I - & CCl
-
)
4
• Add few small
crystal of NaNO2
IODIDE • Dilute to2ml & shake
Violet color in CCl4 layer
IF IODIDES ARE PRESENT vigorously
• Remove H2O layer
• Discard colored CCl4 layer
• Add fresh portion of CCl4 and shake again
• Discard CCl4 layer
• Repeat operation until CCl4 remains colorless
• Transfer water layer to a casserole
• 1d of 1.5F H2SO4 evaporate mixt. to 1/2 to its orig.
vol.
• After cooling, pour sol'n back into Test tube and
BROMIDE
proceedION
w/ TEST
Bromide Test
• 10d of aqueous sol'n to be tested
• 10d of conc. HNO3
• 10d of CCl4
• Place in boiling water bath for not more than 20secs.
• Remove agitate test tube vigourosly
BROMIDE
Yellow/orange color in CCl4 layer