The Physical Setting of Oceanography

Task 2

By : Elvira Rosa Megarani

Earth is an oblate ellipsoid, an ellipse rotated
about its minor axis, with an equatorial radius
slightly greather than the polar radius. Distance
on earth are measured in many different units,
the most common are degrees of latitude or
langitude, meters, miles, and nautical miles.
Latitude is the angle between the local vertical
and equatorial plane. Longitude is the angle
between the standard meridian any other
meridian, where the standard meridian is the
one passes through a point at the Royal
Observatory at Greenwich, England. Thus
longitude is measured east or west Greenwich.
The ocesnogrphers measure distance on maps
using degrees of latitude because distance in
degrees of longitude is not constant.
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Ocean and seas
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OCEAN SEAS

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Ocean is a huge body of saltwater that covers Sea is the expanse of saltwater that cover

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about 71 percent of the Earth’s surface. most of the earth’s surface and surrounds its

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Ocean is divided into three named parts by landmasses. Seas, which are part of the

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International agreement ; the Atlantic, Pacific, ocean, are defined in several ways

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and Indian ocean

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Ocean
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The Atlantic Ocean
Extend nothward from Antarctica and an includes all of the Arctic Sea, The
European Mediterranean, and the American Mediterranean more
commonly known as the Carribean sea.

The Pacific Ocean

Extends northward from Antarctica to the Bering Strait. The boundary
between the Pacific and Indian ocean follows the line from the Malay
Peninsula trough Sumatra, Java, Timor, Australia AT CAPE Londonderry, and
Tasmania

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The Indian Ocean

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Extends from Antarctica to the continent of Asia including the Red Sea and

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Persian Gulf. Some authors use the name Southern Ocean to describe the

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ocean surrounding Antarctica.

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Seas
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Mediterranean Seas

Is mostly surrounded by land. By thats definition, the Arctic and Cariibean seas are both Mediterranean Seas,

Marginal Seas

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Are defined by only an identation in the coast. The Arabian Sea and South China are marginal seas

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Sea-Floor Features
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Basins Plains
1 Are deep depresions of the sea floor of more or 4 Very flat surfaces found in many deep ocean
less circular or coval form basins

Canyons Continental slopes

2 Are relatively narrow, deep furrows with steep
slopes, cutting across the continental shelf and 5 Arerhe declivities seaward from the shelf edge
slopes, with bottoms sloping continously into greater depth
downward

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Continental shelves Ridges

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Are zones adjacent to a continent ( or around an
Long narrow elevations of the sea floor with

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island) and extending from the law-water line to depth,

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usually about 120 m, where there is a marked or steep sides and rough topography
rather steep descent toward great depths

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DIMENSIONS OF THE OCEAN
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The ocean and seas cover 70.8% of the surface of
earth, which amounts to 361,254,000 km2. 0ceanic
dimensions range from around 1500 km for the minimum width
of the atlantic to more than 13,000 km for the north-south extent
of the Atlantic and the width of Pacific. Thypicaln depths are only
3-4 km. The small ratio depth to width of ocean basins is very
important for understanding ocean currents. Vertical velocities
must be much smaller than horizontal velocities. This information
will be used later to simplify the equation of motion.

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Sea-Floor Features
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Isolated or comparatively isolated elevations rising 1000

m or more from the sea floor and with small summit area

SEAMOUNTS

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Is the low parts of the ridges

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Are long , narrow, and deep separating ocena basins from

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depresions of the sea floor, with
TRENCHES SILLS one another or from the adjacent

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relatively steep sides sea floor

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Masuring the depth of

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the ocean
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Echo Sounders
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Most maps of the ocean are based on

measurements made by echo sounders.the
instrument transmits a burst of 10-30 kHz sounds
and listens for the echo from the sea floor. The
time interval between transmission of the pulse
and reception of the echo, when multiplied by the
velocity of sound, gives twice the depth of the
ocean

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Satellite altimetry
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Satellite altimetry gaps in our knowledge of ocean

depths between ship tracks have now been fillled by
satellite-altimeter data. Satellite altimeter systems
now lest’s see how altimeters measure the shape of
the sea surface. Satellite altimeter system include a
radar to measure the height of the satellite above
the sea surface and a tracking system to determine
the height of the satellite in geocentric coordinates

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Important concepts
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1 If the ocean were scaled down to awidth of 8

inches theywould have depth abouth the same
4 The depths of the ocean are mapped by echo
souders which measured the time required for
a sound pulse to travel from the surface to the
as the thickness of a piece of paper
bottom and back.

2 There are only three official ocean

5 The deepth of the ocean are also measured by
satellite altimeter systems which profile the
shape of the surface

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3 The volume of ocean water exceeds the
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capacity of te ocean basins, and the ocean

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Typical dound speed in the ocean is 1480 m/s

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overflow on to the continents sreating

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continental shelves

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That’s all. Thank you! 
Any Questions?

Jun Akizaki - http://thepopp.com.

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The authors are: Stephen Hutchings.