What are

you
MADE
OF?
 Atom is the
basic unit of
matter
What do we know about
Atom?
 ATOMIC TIMELINE
THEORY
Here is a timeline of some of the
major ideas.
Let’s Take a Trip
Through Time!
However, these people did not have
our current understanding of the
substances that made up those
objects.
492 BCE -432
BC Empedocles
•Empedocles argued that
all matter was composed
of four elements: fire,
air, water, and earth.

•The ratio of these four

elements affected the
properties of the
matter.
Why is the
theory
rejected?
Regardless of how many times you
break a stone in half, the pieces
never resemble any of the core
e elements of fire, air, water, or
earth.
AROUND 440
BCE Democritus
He asked:
Could matter be
divided into
smaller and
smaller pieces
forever, or was
there a limit to the
number of times a
piece of matter
could be divided?
AROUND 440 • He named the smallest
BCE piece of matter
“atomos,” meaning
“not to be cut” /
“Indivisible””
• atoms were small,
hard particles that
were all made of the
same material but
were different shapes
and sizes.
• Atoms were infinite in
number, always moving
and capable of joining
together.
 atomos were specific to the
material that they made up

meaning that the atomos of stone

were unique to stone and different
from the atomos of other materials,
I BET TO DISAGREE
WITH YOUR
ATOMOS!

ARISTOTLE
 1808 John Dalton
He revisited
Democritus’s idea
Suggested:
all matter was
made up of tiny
spheres that were
able to bounce around
with perfect elasticity
and called them
ATOMS
1808
Atoms are
small,
spherical
particles

Billiard
Ball
Model
 1808 DALTON’S
ATOMIC
•Matter is made up of
THEORY
•Compounds are formed
extremely small indivisible when atoms of different
particles called atoms. elements combine in a
certain whole number ratio.

•Atoms of the same

• Atoms of one element
element have the same
cannot be converted into
properties, atoms of
atoms of another
different element differ in
element in a chemical
properties
reaction
 LIMITAT
ION:
Is atom really
Indivisible?
 1897 J.J. Thomson
Provided the
first hint that
an atom is
made of even
smaller
particles.
Atom is now
DIVISIBLE!
Scientists didn't, however, understand
the relationship between chemicals
and electricity,

Until Thomson began

experimenting with what is
known as a
23
 Thomson
questioned the
following:
what cathode
rays were

where cathode rays came

from

whether cathode rays had

any mass or charge
The cathode ray is composed of negatively-
charged particles (corpuscles)
25
 Based on the fact that atoms
are neutral (no charge)

Atoms must also contain some type of

positively charged material which
balances the negative charge on the
atom.

I can’t find the

positive particle!
 Negative
1897 particles are
embedded on a
positively
charged
particles
Plum
Pudding
Model
 1909
Ernest Rutherfor
He was hard at work
on an experiment
that seemed to have
little to do with
unraveling the
mysteries of the
atomic structure.
 Thomson’s
model

If previous models were correct alpha

particles would have passed straight 30
 From these experiments Rutherford concluded
that the atom had a dense positive core, with
the rest composed of mostly empty space with
the occasional negatively charged electron

-
-
-
+

-
-

note: this model completely changed the definition of atom

1909 atoms have
Positive
particles
(Proton) in
the center
(nucleus),
and are
mostly
Nuclear
empty space.

Model
 LIMITAT
ION:
I can’t explain
why electrons
remain in orbit
around the
 LIMITATION OF
NUCLEAR MODEL
 Any particle in a circular orbit
would undergo acceleration.
During acceleration, charged
particles would radiate energy (hν)
 Thus, the
revolving
electron would
lose energy and
finally fall into
the nucleus.

If this were so,

the atom should
be highly
unstable and
hence matter
would not exist in
 1913 Niels Bohr
He refined
Rutherford's idea
by adding that:
Rather like planets orbiting
the sun , electrons move
around the nucleus in
specific layers, or orbits.
With each orbit only able to
contain a set number of
electrons.
1913

Every atom
has a specific
number of
electron
shells.
Planetary
Model
 LIMITAT
ION:
My model can’t
work well for
heavier atoms.
 1926

Electrons are in
probability zones
called “orbitals”, not
orbits and the
location cannot be
pinpointed.

Electrons are
particles and waves
at the same time.
 Quantum Mechanical Model

electrons can be found

anywhere in these “shells”

note: the electrons

are still quantized
no electrons can be
found here
1926

Electrons
moving
around the
nucleus in a
Cloud
cloud.

Model
 1932
James Chadwic
Working with
Rutherford, he
discovered
particles with no
charge
He discovered the
existence of the
NEUTRON
(Located in the
nucleus)
 The Current Atomic
Proto
Model Electro
ns
ns

Neutro
ns
RE-EVALUATING
DALTON’S
ATOMIC THEORY

”
Matter is made up of extremely small
indivisible particles called atomos.

Matter is made atoms. Atoms are NOT

INDIVISIBLE. They are composed of
subatomic particles.
 Atoms of the same element have the same
properties, atoms of different element differ in
properties

Atoms of the same element have MOSTLY the

same properties. They may differ in their
mass, giving rise to isotopes. Atoms of
different elements have different properties.
Atoms of one element cannot be converted
into atoms of another element in a chemical
reaction

Elements can only be converted into other

elements through nuclear reactions.
Compounds are formed when
atoms of different elements
combine in a certain whole
number ratio.
FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF
CHEMISTRY
 LAW OF CONSERVATI
OF MASS
In a chemical reaction, the mass of a substance
produced is equal to the mass of the substance
reacted.
 LAW OF definite
proportions

A chemical compound always

contains the same elements in
exactly, the same proportions by
mass regardless of source or size
of sample.
 LAW OF definite
proportions

100 3 kg
grams
COMPOSITION COMPOSITION

+ +
 LAW OF MULTIPLE
PROPORTIONS
When the same two elements combine to
form more than one compound:

the ratios of the mass of one element in the

first compound to its mass in the second
compound, (as it combines with the same
mass of the other element), can always be
expressed as ratios of small whole
numbers( ex: 1:3 or 2:5).