INDUSTRIALIZATION

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The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new
manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to
sometime between 1820 and 1840

This process began in Britain in the 18th century and from there

spread to other parts of the world. 

Prior to the Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in the late

1700s, manufacturing was often done in people's homes, using hand
tools or basic machines. Industrialization marked a shift to powered,
special-purpose machinery, factories and mass production.

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• The change from a
farming economy to a
machine economy.

The “modernizing” of a
place.

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• The Industrial Revolution is the name given to the period in the
18th and 19th centuries when Britain was transformed from a
predominantly agricultural nation into the manufacturing
workshop of the world.

• Rapid scientific, technological and commercial innovations, a

rising population, improved transportation and expanding
domestic and international markets provided the context for the
development of thousands of mills, factories, mines and
workshops.

• Mining, engineering and manufacturing continued to provide

employment for millions of people well into the PHYSICAL
20th century.
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 TIME FRAME

The Industrial Revolution was a period from 1750 to 1850.

PHASES IN INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

 1st Industrial Revolution : from 1750 onwards.

 2ndIndustrial Revolution : form 1870 onwards

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HISTORY
It began in the U.K. ,then subsequently spread throughout Europe,
North America, and eventually the world.

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WHY WAS ENGLAND THE BIRTHPLACE OF THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION?
Capital for Colonies and
investing in Markets for Raw materials
the means of manufactured for production
production goods

Merchant
Workers Geography
marine

INNOVATIONS
Textile manufacture
Effects on agriculture
Metallurgy
New ways of railroad & roads
Mining
Steam power Steam boats and

Glass making Machines tools

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 ACTS DURING INDUSTRIAL
PERIOD
Year Act of Terms
investigation
1802 Health & moral of • Employed were provide
apprentices act education, clothing,
accommodation.
1833 Factory act • No children under 9 to work in
factories
1844 Factory act • Women & young person would
not work more than 12 hours
1878 Factory act • No child anywhere under the
age of 10 was to be employed.
• 10-14 years olds could be
employed for half days.
1890 Housing act • To redeveloped and improve the
condition of the houses.

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ANGES DURING INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Massive social, economic, and technological change in the

18th century and 19th century, Great Britain which changed the

country from a rural and agricultural country into an urban and

industrial one.

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 ECONOMIC POLITICAL SOCIAL CHANGES
CHANGES CHANGES
 Expansion of world  Growth and  Development and
trade expansion of growth of cities
 Factory system democracy  Improved status and
 Mass production of  Increased earning power of
goods government women
 Industrial involvement in  Population increases
capitalism society  Problems – economic
 Increased standard  Increased power of insecurity, increased
of living industrialized deadliness of war,
 Unemployment. nations urban slums, etc.
 Rise to power of  Science and research
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business people. stimulated.
EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTI

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POSITIVE EFFECTS:
 The creation of power machines and factories provided many

new job opportunities.

 The new machinery increased production speed of good and gave

people the ability to transport raw materials.

 Industrialization also lead to

urbanization. Urbanization is the

movement of people into cities and city

building. Citizens wanted to live closer to

the factories that they worked at. The Industrialization in

Europe is known for rapid
Western World went from rural and
development of
agricultural to urban industrial. manufacturing and trade.

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 Steam Engine:
The newly invented
steam engine
provided cheap
movement of goods
through waterways.
Canals were built so
resources could be
transported with
This picture shows one of James Watt's
ease. running steam engines which  powered
steam boats and railroad trains.
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 The Railroad System: The
inventions of railroads dramatically
revolutionized life in Britain. The
railroads gave manufacturers a cheap
way to transport their products.
 Fresh food could also be delivered to
distant towns. The railways also gave The Railways helped
Europe modernize in
people opportunities to travel. many significant ways.
Traveling meant that people met
people from other cities which resulted
in long distance relationships and
marriages. Time standards,
newspapers and mail PHYSICAL PLANNING
 Road Transportation: John McAdam, a Scottish engineer
improved roads a lot. He created a new layout for roads so they are
safer and more effective. The road beds consisted of large stones
which helped with drainage. On the top were finely crushed rocks. 

The new design of roads let wagons travel in

the rain without sinking into
muddy grounds.
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Overall, INDUSTRIALIZATION IMPROVED QUALITY OF
LIFE in Europe. It raised the standards of living since
new materials and products were available for public use.

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• NEGATIVE EFFECTS:
 Urban areas doubled, tripled, or
quadrupled in size which led
to over crowding in cities.
 Sometimes a large population is
a good thing, but in this case the
population was too big and
caused many health
problems. Living conditions
were dirty and unhealthy. Cities This  picture is an example of what
the streets and city looked like.
were unsanitary and diseases
filled the streets. There were no
sanitation codes in cities. Many
citizens got very sick. 
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 Work in Factories: Factory work was dirty and
dangerous. Bosses strictly disciplined their employees and treated
them harshly. The workers were underpaid and overworked.
 They didn't get enough money for the
labor they were providing. One also
had a short life expectancy if they
worked in a factory. The hours in a
workday were very long too because
the factories were indoors and didn't
have to use sunlight to decide business
This picture shows a common
hours. The government textile factory in England.
The stations and workers are
also provided no regulations for the very cramped and crowded
together.
treatment of a businesses employees.
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 Child Labor: Businesses started to hire children to work in
factories because their small could reach into tiny holes and it is
easier for them to do things which require small hands or bodies.

This picture shows two little boys working in a factory. Their little hands come in
handy while working with the machines in the factories, but it is very unsafe. The
one little boy is also standing barefoot on a dirty factory floor which could have
pointy nails or glass on the ground and he could easily cut his foot.
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Even though the Industrial Revolution helped Europe in so many ways,
it also harmed Europe.
• The lack of sanitation got many people sick.
• Work conditions also hurt citizens a lot by causing fatigue and
illnesses. Children were also taken from their homes on the farm
to work in dirty and scary factories.

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 CONCLUSION - LIFE IN CITIES

 Terrible working conditions in factories

 Factories dirty and noisy

 People work up to 16 hours a day

 Low wages
 Many die of disease and starvation
 Factory owners employ women and children and pay them very
little
 Young children work for long hours in factories and even in mines

 During 19th century industrial towns grow and living conditions

become worse
 Towns not prepared to receive so many people
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 People forced to live in slums in houses built quickly and cheaply
without sanitation
 People live in unhealthy conditions plagued by disease, poverty and
overcrowding
 In some towns average age at which workers die is twenty.

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