Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 5-Purposes & Research Questions-Hypotheses
Chapter 5-Purposes & Research Questions-Hypotheses
Quantitative
Use and Quantitative Quantitative Typically
and Research Quantitative
Qualitative
Qualitative Research
Research
Research
End of
Placement Introduction End of the introduction, after the literature
review, or in a separate section of the study
Educational Research 2e: Creswell
Why are these statements
and questions important?
• Represent major signposts
• Help identify appropriate methods
• Help link intent with the results
• What is a variable?
• What is a theory?
• What elements go into these statements
and questions?
Measured
Varies
(Can be assessed
on an instrument (Can assume
and recorded on different values or
an instrument) scores for
different
individuals)
Educational Research 2e: Creswell
Examples of variables and
non-variables
Control
Variables
Moderating Confounding
Variables Variables
Educational Research 2e: Creswell
Families of Variables
Independent
Independent Intervening
Step 2 Variable Variable
Variable
Convenient office hours Student becomes willing
Example to take risks
for students
Independent Dependent
Variables Variables
• Three types:
– Null hypothesis
– Directional alternative hypothesis
– Non-directional alternative hypothesis
Qualitative
Quantitative
Understanding or
Explaining or exploring a Central
Predicting Variables Phenomenon
X Y
The independent variable (X) Y
influences a dependent
variable (Y) In-depth understanding of Y;
external forces shape and are
shaped by Y
Educational Research 2e: Creswell
Two qualitative research
considerations