Jordan University of Science and

Technology

Industrial Engineering
Department
Cutting Tool Design
IE 561
Dr. Mohammed Hayajneh

Topic1b:
Heat treatment
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IE 561 Dr. Mohammed Hayajneh 2
 Heat Treatment of ferrous
materials

Steps:
 Heating to a certain temperature
 Holding temperature
 Cooling in a certain cooling medium

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 Austenite, Ferrite, and Martensite

The unit cells for (a) austenite, (b) ferrite, and (c) martensite. The
effect of percentage of carbon (by weight) on the lattice dimensions
for martensite is shown in (d). Note the interstitial position of the
carbon atoms (see Fig. 1.9). Note, also, the increase in dimension c
with increasing carbon content; this effect causes the unit cell of
martensite to be in the shape of a rectangular prism.
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 Heat Treatment of ferrous
materials

 Normalizing: to refine grain structure after

forging to improve machinibilty, Heat up to
100 to 200 F above critical range.
 Spheroidizing: Heating and cooling steel to
make rounded or globular carbides –
increases toughness and machinibilty,
Heating up to 1380 – 1400 F holding for one
to four hours and cooling slowly (in furnace)
 Stress Relieving: Relieve stress – heating up
to 1200 to 1350 F – air cooling

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 Heat Treatment of ferrous
materials

 Annealing: holding for 4 to 5 hours and

cooling it in furnace (Slow heating) –
refines grain structure
 Hardening: Rapid cooling after heating,
to increase hardness
 Tempering: Heating below critical
temperature to relieve stresses. (550 –
600 F)

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 Heat Treatment of nonferrous
materials

 Treatment for nonferrous material

approximates that of steel but the
temperature ranges are lower

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 Reason to surface harden
(100micormeter-5 mm)
 Increase wear resistance
 Increase surface strength for load
carrying, (crush resistance)
 Improve fatigue resistance
 Produce tough core for resistance to
impact

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 Ways to surface harden a
component
 Induction
 • Flame
 • Laser
 • Light
 • Carburizing
 • Cyaniding
 • Carbonitriding
 • Nitriding

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 Induction hardening
• Metal hardened: Medium-carbon steels, cast
irons
• Element added to the surface: none
• Procedure: Metal part is placed in copper induction
coils and is heated by high frequency current, then
quenched.
• General Characteristics: Surface hardness 50 to
60 HRC. Case depth 0.7 to 6 mm (0.030 to 0.25
in.). Little distortion.
• Typical application: Gear and sprocket teeth,
axles, crankshafts, piston rods, lathe beds and
centers

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 Induction Heating

Types of coils used in induction heating of various surfaces of parts.

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 Induction-Hardened Surface

Cross-section of
gear teeth
showing
induction-
hardened
surfaces.

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 Flame hardening
• Metal hardened: Medium-carbon steels,
cast irons
• Element added to the surface: none
• Procedure: Surface is heated with an
oxyacetylene torch, then quenched with water
spray or other quenching methods
• General Characteristics: Surface
hardness 50 to 60 HRC. Case depth 0.7 to 6
mm (0.030 to 0.25 in.). Little distortion.
• Typical application: Gear and sprocket
teeth, axles, crankshafts, piston rods, lathe
beds and centers
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 Flame hardening

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 Carburizing
• Metal hardened: Low-carbon steel (0.2% C), alloy steels
(0.08–0.2% C)
• Element added to the surface: C
• Procedure: Heat steel at 870–950 °C (1600–1750 °F) in an
atmosphere of carbonaceous gases (gas carburizing) or
carbon-containing solids (pack carburizing). Then quench.
• General Characteristics: A hard, high-carbon surface is
produced. Hardness 55 to 65 HRC. Case depth < 0.5–1.5 mm
( < 0.020 to 0.060 in.). Some distortion of part during heat
treatment.
• Typical application: Gears, cams, shafts, bearings, piston
pins, sprockets, clutch plates
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 Carbonitriding
• Metal hardened: Low-carbon steel
• Element added to the surface: C and N
• Procedure: Heat steel at 700–800 °C (1300–
1600 °F) in an atmosphere of carbonaceous
gas and ammonia. Then quench in oil.
• General Characteristics: Surface hardness 55 to
62 HRC. Case depth 0.07 to 0.5 mm (0.003 to
0.020 in.). Less distortion than in carburizing.
Typical application: Bolts, nuts, gears

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 Cyaniding
• Metal hardened: Low-carbon steel (0.2% C),
alloy steels (0.08–0.2% C)
• Element added to the surface: cyanide
• Procedure: Heat steel at 760–845 °C (1400–
1550 °F) in a molten bath of solutions of
cyanide (e.g., 30% sodium cyanide) and
other salts.
• General Characteristics: Surface hardness up
to 65 HRC. Case depth 0.025 to 0.25 mm
(0.001 to 0.010 in.). Some distortion.
• Typical application: Bolts, nuts, screws, small
gears

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 Nitriding

• Metal hardened: Steels (1% Al, 1.5% Cr, 0.3% Mo), alloy
steels (Cr, Mo), stainless steels, high-speed tool steels
• Element added to the surface: N
• Procedure: Heat steel at 500–600 °C (925–1100 °F) in an
atmosphere of ammonia gas. No further treatment
• General Characteristics: Surface hardness up to 1100
HV. Case depth 0.1 to 0.6 mm (0.005 to 0.030 in.) and
0.02 to 0.07 mm (0.001 to 0.003 in.) for high speed
steel.
• Typical application: Gears, shafts, sprockets, valves,
cutters, boring bars, fuel-injection pump parts

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 Boronizing
• Metal hardened: Steels
• Element added to the surface: B
• Procedure: Part is heated using boron-
containing gas or solid in contact with
part.
• General Characteristics: Extremely hard
and wear resistant surface. Case depth
0.025– 0.075 mm (0.001–0.003 in.).
• Typical application: Tool and die steels

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