ELECTRON

ARRANGEMENT
IN ATOMS
The Quantum Mechanical Model
Quantum Numbers
Electron Configuration
 WHAT IS THE
SUBATOMIC
PARTICLE THAT
PLAYS A VITAL
ROLE IN THE
FORMATION OF
CHEMICAL
BONDS AND IN
THE EXISTENCE
Electron OF ALL
SUBSTANCES?
DALTON’S ATOMIC
MODEL
PLUM PUDDING
MODEL
NUCLEAR MODEL
 Bohr’s Model of
the Atom
 Planetary

Model
 Definite

energy levels
(or orbits) Niels Bohr
(1885-1962)
PLANETARY MODEL
Louis de
Broglie
Proposed


that
electron
can also be
thought of
as a wave.
Werner Karl
Heisenberg
 The
Uncertainty
Principle:
Cannot both
determine
location and
energy of
electron
Erwin
Schrodinger
 Wave
Functions:
Calculating
the Probability
of locating an
electron in a
region of
space
QUANTUM MECHANICAL
MODEL
 THE
QUANTUM/WAVE
MECHANICAL
MODEL
 The quantum mechanical
model of the atom allows us to
visualize the three-dimensional
regions of space in which there
is a good probability of finding
electrons.

Orbitals – region of
space
QUANTUM
NUMBERS
 Uncertainty Principle
 An orbital can be described
by the four quantum
numbers n, l, ml, and ms
Principal Quantum
Number  Main energy level of an

orbital
 Determines the total
energy of the atom
n  1, 2, 3,   Radial distance

 Maximum number of
electrons
 2n2 rule

N
SHELL AND SUBSHELL
Main Energy Level Number of
Sublevels
1(lowest energy) 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
Azimuthal Quantum
Number
 Energy sublevels
 Defines the shape of the
orbital
  0,1, 2, 3,  ,  n  1

L
Azimuthal Quantum
Number

l Sublevel Orbital Shape

0 s Spherical

1 p Dumbbell-shaped

2 d 4 cloverleaf-shaped;
1 dumbbell-shaped with a
ring
3 f (too complex to describe)

L
EACH SUBLEVEL CONSISTS OF A NUMBER OF ORBITALS

Sublevel Number of Orbitals

s 1
p 3
d 5
f 7
g 9
THE SUBSHELLS ARE DESIGNATED BY LETTERS: S, P, D, F, G

Main Energy Level Number of

Sublevels
1 1s
2 2s, 2p
3 3s, 3p, 3d
4 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f
5 5s, 5p, 5d, 5f, 5g
ORBITALS HAVE PARTICULAR SHAPES DEPENDING ON THE
SUBLEVEL

S Orbital -
spherical
P ORBITALS - DUMBBELLS
D  four cloverleaf-
ORBITALS shaped
 One dumbbell-
shaped with a
ring
D ORBITALS
F ORBITALS
Magnetic Quantum
Number
 Describes the orientation of
the orbital in space
 2l + 1

m  ,  2,  1, 0, 1, 2,  ,
ML
Spin Quantum
Number

 This number is needed

because the electron has an
intrinsic property called
spin.
m 
s
1
2or  1
2
MS
G ORBITALS
EXAMPLE:
List all the possible combinations of the quantum
numbers n, l, ml and ms if n = 2
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
 Describes how the electrons of an
atom are distributed among the
orbitals.
 Ground state
 lowest energy state of the atom
TO DETERMINE THE LOWEST
ENERGY ARRANGEMENT OF THE
ELECTRONS, WE FOLLOW THREE
RULES:
1. Aufbau Principle
 Electrons fill the orbitals, one at
a time, starting with the lowest
energy orbital then proceeding
to the one with higher energy
 n + l rule
2. Pauli Exclusion
Principle
 No two electrons in an atom
can have the same set of
values for the four quantum
numbers.
 Maximum of 2 electrons in
any given orbital
3. Hund’s Rule
 In filling up a set of
degenerate orbitals, the
orbitals are occupied by one
electron at a time with the
electrons having the same
spin.
 3p4
 Orbital Diagram
 Degenerate – orbitals or energy levels
with the same energy