Kuliah 2

Hidrologi Urban dan Sistem

Polder
Oleh:
Ngakan Putu Purnaditya

JURUSAN TEKNIK SIPIL

FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS SULTAN AGENG TIRTAYASA
2019
Hydrological Cycle
Precipitation
Precipitation includes  rainfall, snowfall, and other processes by which water falls
to the land surface, such as hail and sleet.

The formation of precipitation requires the lifting of an air mass in atmosphere so

that it cools and some its moisture condenses.

The main mechanism of precipitation:

1. Frontal lifting  the warm air is lifted over cooler air by frontal passage.

2. Orographic lifting  an air mass rise to pass over a mountain range.

3. Convective lifting  air is drawn upwards by convective action.

The formation of precipitation in the clouds.
Rainfall
The rainfall occurrence can be distinguished through two types:
1. The actual rainfall  the time series of rainfall data.
2. The design rainfall  the hyetograph of the chosen characteristic of rainfall.

The rainfall characteristic have to identified while hydrologic design and analysis
are follows:
3. Rainfall intensity, i.
4. Time duration, t.
5. The depth of rainfall, d.
6. Return of period, T.
7. Area, A.
A Rainfall Hyetograph  is a plot of rainfall depth or intensity as a function of
time. For example, rainfall data analysis of a gage below.
Rainfall Data  measured and recorded at certain time based on the gage
measuring.

There are some types of rainfall data:

1. Daily.
2. Monthly.
3. Short time data (every five minutes, ten minutes, thirty minutes, etc).

In frequency analysis or design rainfall analysis, two kinds of data series which can
be used are follows:

4. Maximum annual series.

5. Partial series.
What’s the Difference ?
Let’s Check the Example !
 DATA CURAH HUJAN HARIAN (mm)
Nama Stasiun : Bojonggambir
Kecamatan : Bojonggambir Lintang Selatan : 07 32' 08''
Kabupaten : Tasikmalaya Bujur Timur : 107 57' 25''
Daerah Aliran : Cipalu Tipe Alat : Otomatis
Propinsi : Jawa Barat Pemilik : Dinas PU Pengairan

TAHUN DATA 2006

BULAN
Tanggal Tahunan
Jan Peb Mar Apr Mei Jun Jul Agt Sep Okt Nov Des
1 3 0 71 13 7 21 0 - 0 0 0 0
2 5 0 6 6 5 0 0 - 0 0 0 14
3 3 0 7 9 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0
4 12 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 77 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
6 8 3 0 0 14 15 0 0 0 0 0 45
7 5 0 0 0 15 7 0 0 0 0 0 35
8 37 11 0 12 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9 6 6 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 7 49 0 0 85 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 7 14 19 6 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 37
12 22 0 6 5 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
13 0 0 10 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 41
14 4 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 16 37
15 10 4 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 14 0 0
16 0 11 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
17 1 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18 0 27 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0
19 0 0 3 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 33
20 0 0 2 15 10 0 0 0 0 0 20 12
21 0 6 47 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 6 25
22 11 0 13 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 33
23 52 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
24 0 0 0 15 19 0 0 0 0 0 39 12
25 0 14 0 65 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
26 40 4 9 35 66 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
27 29 6 7 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 23
28 37 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
29 2 - 11 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27
30 16 - 6 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40
31 4 - 3 - 0 - 0 0 - 0 - 0

Hujan Maksimum 77 49 71 65 85 21 12 2 0 14 14 45 85
Jml Curah Hujan 398 155 253 252 366 46 25 2 0 23 81 423 2024
Jml. Hari Hujan 23 12 18 15 18 4 3 1 0 2 4 15 115
Rata-rata 13 6 8 8 12 2 1 0 0 1 3 14
Hujan (1-15) 206 87 119 56 181 46 25 2 0 14 16 218
Jml. Data Kosong 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hujan (16-31) 192 68 134 196 185 0 0 0 0 9 65 205
Jml. Data Kosong 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 DATA CURAH HUJAN HARIAN (mm)
Nama Stasiun : Bojonggambir
Kecamatan : Bojonggambir Lintang Selatan : 07 32' 08''
Kabupaten : Tasikmalaya Bujur Timur : 107 57' 25''
Daerah Aliran : Cipalu Tipe Alat : Otomatis
Propinsi : Jawa Barat Pemilik : Dinas PU Pengairan

TAHUN DATA 2007

BULAN
Tanggal Tahunan
Jan Peb Mar Apr Mei Jun Jul Agt Sep Okt Nov Des
1 0 35 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 2
2 21 20 3 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 63 7
3 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 6
4 0 0 12 10 0 0 25 9 0 0 12 79
5 0 14 27 20 10 5 10 0 0 0 0 31
6 0 0 5 15 15 0 20 0 0 0 60 0
7 0 0 0 20 0 8 20 0 0 0 70 12
8 0 0 0 15 0 20 22 0 12 0 50 4
9 0 0 0 10 16 31 0 0 0 0 80 27
10 0 12 20 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 10 2
11 0 22 8 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 14
12 0 20 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 81
13 0 20 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
14 0 0 7 15 13 16 0 0 0 9 0 1
15 0 18 10 1 48 0 0 0 0 6 0 6
16 0 0 12 5 21 0 13 0 0 0 0 18
17 0 10 10 10 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
18 0 15 0 10 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19 0 13 0 53 21 9 0 0 0 0 0 3
20 13 12 0 25 10 0 11 10 0 21 0 6
21 18 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 20 0 2
22 25 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 24
23 73 0 0 20 0 0 5 0 0 23 0 5
24 75 20 0 31 3 0 0 0 0 30 0 26
25 0 30 10 15 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 32
26 18 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
27 0 0 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
28 0 0 13 25 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
29 0 - 10 7 0 0 0 0 0 40 10 3
30 0 - 15 0 0 20 0 0 0 50 7 4
31 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 0 - 45 - 9

Hujan Maksimum 75 35 34 53 48 31 25 10 12 50 50 81 81
Jml Curah Hujan 243 261 235 403 253 134 126 19 15 268 392 427 2776
Jml. Hari Hujan 7 14 17 23 15 8 8 2 2 11 11 29 147
Rata-rata 8 9 8 13 8 4 4 1 1 9 13 14
Hujan (1-15) 21 161 126 167 128 105 97 9 15 15 375 276
Jml. Data Kosong 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hujan (16-31) 222 100 109 236 125 29 29 10 0 253 17 151
Jml. Data Kosong 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 DATA CURAH HUJAN HARIAN (mm)
Nama Stasiun : Bojonggambir
Kecamatan : Bojonggambir Lintang Selatan : 07 32' 08''
Kabupaten : Tasikmalaya Bujur Timur : 107 57' 25''
Daerah Aliran : Cipalu Tipe Alat : Otomatis
Propinsi : Jawa Barat Pemilik : Dinas PU Pengairan

TAHUN DATA 2008

BULAN
Tanggal Tahunan
Jan Peb Mar Apr Mei Jun Jul Agt Sep Okt Nov Des
1 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 24 0
2 0 0 0 8 15 0 0 0 0 0 27 0
3 0 0 0 11 14 0 0 0 0 20 0 0
4 20 0 0 2.5 170 0 0 0 20 52 50 60
5 10 0 0 0 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 25
6 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 7 6 40 0 10
7 0 10 10 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 12
8 0 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 90 15 7
9 15 15 15 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 9
10 10 25 25 50 0 0 0 0 0 84 75 13
11 0 55 55 0 0 0 0 0 0 65 45 0
12 0 13 13 18 0 0 0 0 7 55 0 0
13 0 51 51 8 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 10
14 10 65 65 20 0 0 9 0 0 0 28 0
15 0 30 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 15
16 0 20 20 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 40 0
17 0 50 50 19 0 0 0 0 0 13 30 10
18 1 25 25 25 0 0 0 0 0 20 45 10
19 40 15 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25
20 20 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0
21 0 23 23 25 0 0 0 0 0 15 8 6
22 10 26 26 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 10
23 0 20 20 13 0 0 4 0 0 35 0 52
24 0 34 34 25 0 0 0 0 0 30 7 8
25 0 13 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 6
26 0 20 20 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 150 0
27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 55 110 0
28 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 103 0 7
29 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 0 12
30 50 - 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
31 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 0 - 21 - 0

Hujan Maksimum 50 65 65 50 170 0 9 15 20 150 150 60 170

Jml Curah Hujan 236 530 540 292 250 0 13 22 48 861 809 307 3908
Jml. Hari Hujan 12 20 21 16 5 0 2 2 4 17 20 19 138
Rata-rata 8 19 17 10 8 0 0 1 2 28 27 10
Hujan (1-15) 65 274 274 173 250 0 9 7 33 419 374 161
Jml. Data Kosong 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hujan (16-31) 171 256 266 119 0 0 4 15 15 442 435 146
Jml. Data Kosong 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 DATA CURAH HUJAN HARIAN (mm)
Nama Stasiun : Bojonggambir
Kecamatan : Bojonggambir Lintang Selatan : 07 32' 08''
Kabupaten : Tasikmalaya Bujur Timur : 107 57' 25''
Daerah Aliran : Cipalu Tipe Alat : Otomatis
Propinsi : Jawa Barat Pemilik : Dinas PU Pengairan

TAHUN DATA 2009

BULAN
Tanggal Tahunan
Jan Peb Mar Apr Mei Jun Jul Agt Sep Okt Nov Des
1 0 0 10 30 30 0 0 0 0 50 0 30
2 0 30 0 39 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 30
3 0 7 0 48 20 0 0 0 0 80 0 80
4 48 0 20 0 95 0 0 0 0 22 0 0
5 50 0 31 0 70 0 0 0 0 0 20 24
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 60 90
7 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 70 0
8 30 23 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 0
9 90 0 0 0 18 22 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 100 0 0 25 54 0 0 0 0 0 30 0
11 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 12 14 30 0
12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 20 0
13 120 20 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0
14 135 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 0
15 0 0 0 10 8 20 0 0 30 0 85 0
16 0 0 8 0 12 0 0 0 0 12 62 0
17 0 15 10 90 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0
18 0 0 0 45 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 19 30
20 48 50 12 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 20 80
21 0 13 45 50 14 0 0 0 0 20 0 48
22 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23
23 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0
24 75 23 30 75 20 0 0 0 0 40 0 0
25 0 0 21 90 30 0 0 0 0 0 80 70
26 0 30 0 10 0 15 8 0 0 0 90 30
27 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 40
28 28 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 20 0
29 30 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0
30 0 - 10 30 10 0 0 0 0 32 0 20
31 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 0 - 14 - 12

Hujan Maksimum 135 50 45 90 95 22 13 0 30 80 80 90 135

Jml Curah Hujan 832 211 302 604 428 70 31 0 42 405 776 607 4308
Jml. Hari Hujan 13 9 14 14 14 4 3 0 2 13 18 14 118
Rata-rata 27 8 10 20 14 2 1 0 1 13 26 20
Hujan (1-15) 573 80 126 214 295 42 10 0 42 244 437 254
Jml. Data Kosong 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hujan (16-31) 259 131 176 390 133 28 21 0 0 161 339 353
Jml. Data Kosong 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 DATA CURAH HUJAN HARIAN (mm)
Nama Stasiun : Bojonggambir
Kecamatan : Bojonggambir Lintang Selatan : 07 32' 08''
Kabupaten : Tasikmalaya Bujur Timur : 107 57' 25''
Daerah Aliran : Cipalu Tipe Alat : Otomatis
Propinsi : Jawa Barat Pemilik : Dinas PU Pengairan

TAHUN DATA 2010

BULAN
Tanggal Tahunan
Jan Peb Mar Apr Mei Jun Jul Agt Sep Okt Nov Des
1 30 40 40 40 0 40 0 80 0 0 40 80
2 20 60 20 11 0 83 0 60 0 20 75 32
3 30 85 25 0 0 20 0 42 0 40 18 40
4 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 19 49 0 70
5 0 75 0 90 0 0 68 0 11 15 0 75
6 0 80 0 70 0 0 0 30 30 11 0 60
7 0 60 0 60 0 63 0 89 81 0 0 31
8 20 120 0 0 80 72 30 0 0 29 0 20
9 40 0 19 0 35 8 10 0 0 21 0 11
10 0 0 80 0 27 0 15 0 16 0 0 18
11 28 60 0 0 0 50 0 104 30 30 0 11
12 17 54 30 0 0 30 40 80 21 25 0 19
13 0 80 32 84 0 22 12 0 15 15 0 32
14 0 20 12 90 0 0 22 21 0 46 0 0
15 0 0 0 0 14 0 8 30 0 70 0 0
16 0 0 40 18 28 0 0 90 0 69 0 70
17 0 0 0 23 0 40 0 20 8 21 0 91
18 0 30 0 54 0 8 0 0 16 0 0 29
19 70 60 0 0 30 12 0 10 35 0 0 15
20 75 40 54 30 11 11 10 0 0 0 0 0
21 80 0 20 84 0 30 30 0 40 13 18 40
22 65 20 11 105 0 0 20 0 108 30 0 83
23 18 110 23 90 0 0 12 0 90 59 50 72
24 0 70 0 80 50 18 18 0 102 60 40 0
25 0 60 0 0 80 12 0 0 120 62 31 0
26 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 30 80 73 29 74
27 21 0 30 31 11 0 0 45 113 80 0 62
28 20 20 82 39 0 0 0 22 45 35 0 30
29 0 - 0 40 0 40 0 0 20 48 0 0
30 0 - 0 0 22 120 0 0 31 0 0 0
31 0 - 12 - 23 - 15 20 - 0 - 0

Hujan Maksimum 80 120 82 105 80 120 68 104 120 80 80 91 120

Jml Curah Hujan 549 1144 530 1039 441 679 310 810 1031 921 301 1065 8820
Jml. Hari Hujan 15 19 16 18 13 18 14 17 21 23 8 23 205
Rata-rata 18 41 17 35 14 23 10 26 34 30 10 34
Hujan (1-15) 200 734 258 445 156 388 205 573 223 371 133 499
Jml. Data Kosong 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hujan (16-31) 349 410 272 594 285 291 105 237 808 550 168 566
Jml. Data Kosong 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 DATA CURAH HUJAN HARIAN (mm)
Nama Stasiun : Bojonggambir
Kecamatan : Bojonggambir Lintang Selatan : 07 32' 08''
Kabupaten : Tasikmalaya Bujur Timur : 107 57' 25''
Daerah Aliran : Cipalu Tipe Alat : Otomatis
Propinsi : Jawa Barat Pemilik : Dinas PU Pengairan

TAHUN DATA 2011

BULAN
Tanggal Tahunan
Jan Peb Mar Apr Mei Jun Jul Agt Sep Okt Nov Des
1 0 0 28 30 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 19
2 0 20 13 39 21 0 0 0 0 0 65 21
3 0 45 104 8 15 0 0 0 0 0 30 30
4 21 15 31 15 17 0 0 0 0 0 51 11
5 0 11 0 21 24 0 0 0 0 0 20 0
6 0 0 10 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 18 0
7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0
8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15
9 18 18 11 90 11 0 0 0 0 0 14 22
10 21 21 0 100 39 0 0 0 0 0 13 0
11 30 30 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 18 0
12 28 48 0 0 49 0 0 0 0 0 16 0
13 20 20 0 0 60 0 0 0 0 0 40 0
14 0 0 0 0 51 0 0 0 0 0 10 0
15 0 0 0 0 55 0 0 0 0 0 12 0
16 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
17 27 27 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30
18 20 20 0 42 14 0 0 0 0 0 28 50
19 31 31 19 31 80 0 0 0 0 0 20 0
20 0 0 13 0 91 0 39 0 0 0 20 0
21 30 30 18 0 34 0 42 0 0 18 30 0
22 20 25 10 0 30 0 71 0 0 11 30 0
23 31 15 21 40 0 0 89 0 0 0 24 0
24 0 0 0 95 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 25
25 30 0 0 140 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 17
26 20 0 8 68 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35
27 0 22 0 80 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 11
28 0 10 0 45 15 10 0 0 0 35 24 0
29 21 - 0 50 11 16 0 0 0 11 29 0
30 15 - 20 0 19 0 0 0 0 41 19 0
31 8 - 13 - 0 - 0 0 - 0 - 0

Hujan Maksimum 31 48 104 140 91 16 89 0 0 41 41 50 140

Jml Curah Hujan 391 408 319 959 709 26 24 1 0 0 136 593 29 7 4079
Jml. Hari Hujan 17 17 14 18 21 2 4 0 0 6 24 13 136
Rata-rata 13 15 10 32 23 1 8 0 0 4 20 10
Hujan (1 -15) 138 228 197 303 415 0 0 0 0 0 329 11 8
Jml. Data Kosong 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hujan (1 6-31 ) 253 180 122 656 294 26 24 1 0 0 136 264 17 9
Jml. Data Kosong 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 DATA CURAH HUJAN HARIAN (mm)
Na ma Stas iun : Bojonggam bir
Kecamatan : Bojongga mbir Lin tang Selatan : 07 3 2' 08''
Ka bupaten : Ta sikmala ya Bujur Timur : 107 57' 25''
Daerah Aliran : Cipa lu Tipe Alat : Otoma tis
Propin si : Ja wa Barat Pemilik : Din as PU Pengaira n

TAHUN DATA 2012

BULAN
Tangga l Tahunan
Ja n Peb Mar Apr Mei Jun Jul Agt Sep Okt Nov Des
1 10 54 45 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
2 18 21 54 10 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
3 12 79 78 15 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 20
4 35 21 21 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
5 0 24 39 18 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 9
6 0 0 60 32 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 45
7 25 59 22 39 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 35
8 19 0 50 45 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
9 0 0 25 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35
11 0 41 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37
12 22 69 0 52 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
13 12 31 0 14 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 41
14 45 18 0 28 29 0 0 0 0 0 16 37
15 21 0 0 49 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16 33 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
17 40 0 0 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
18 74 0 18 60 0 21 0 0 0 9 0 24
19 22 0 21 21 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 33
20 0 49 29 39 0 27 0 0 0 0 20 12
21 48 25 0 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 6 25
22 32 29 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 33
23 0 48 0 22 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 34
24 0 52 0 59 20 0 0 0 0 0 39 12
25 0 79 0 31 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 25
26 0 62 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 15
27 0 81 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 23
28 33 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 20
29 39 30 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 27
30 27 - 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 40
31 18 - 45 - 0 - 0 0 - 0 - 35

Huja n Ma ksimum 74 81 78 72 50 32 0 0 0 9 9 45 81
Jml Cura h Huja n 585 8 81 562 7 14 375 98 0 0 0 9 214 68 4 4122
Jml. Ha ri Huja n 20 20 15 21 15 4 0 0 0 1 9 29 13 4
Rat a -ra t a 19 33 18 24 12 3 0 0 0 0 7 22
Huja n (1 -15 ) 219 4 17 394 3 42 285 18 0 0 0 0 16 30 9
Jml. Da t a Kosong 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Huja n (1 6 -3 1 ) 366 4 94 168 3 72 90 80 0 0 0 9 198 37 5
Jml. Da t a Kosong 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Rainfall Data  maximum annual series and partial data series.
Partial Rainfall
Annual Maximum Rainfall Data Data Series

Incr Rainfall (mm) Incr Rainfall

Year No
Max 2nd Max 3rd Max (mm)
2006 85 77 71 1 170
2007 81 80 79 2 150
3 140
2008 170 150 110
4 135
2009 135 120 100 120
5
2010 120 113 110 6 113
2011 140 104 100 7 110
2012 81 79 78 Dst
 Rainfall Data  The missing data.

Sometimes, due the unpredictable factors, the recording of rainfall data can be
missed. Therefore, we have to estimate the value of the missing data.

Given annual precipitation values, P1, P2, P3,…, Pm at neighboring M stations 1, 2, 3,

…, M respectively, is it required to find the missing annual precipitation Px at station
X not include in the above M stations. Further, the normal annual precipitation N1,
N2, N3, …., Ni … at each of the above (M+1) stations including station X are known.

Then..
Consider of These Two Conditions
The First Condition:
If the normal annual precipitations at various stations are within about 10% of the
normal annual precipitation at station X, then simple arithmetic average procedure
is followed Px, thus
1
Px   P1  P2  P3  ...  PM 
M
The Second Condition:
If the normal precipitations vary considerably, then Px is estimated by weighting
precipitation at the various stations by the ratios of normal annual precipitations.
This method, known as the normal ratio method, gives Px as
Nx  P1 P2 P3 PM 
Px      ...  
M N
 1 N 2 N 3 N M 

Let’s Check the Example

Example:
Determine the missing data of Beringin Gage based on data series enclosed below.
Tugu Sub-District Rainfall Data
 Answer:
1997 - 2011
First, the average of rainfall data for each gage must be
units: mm
Year
Tugu Beringin Ngaliyan calculated.
Gage Gage Gage
1997 141 102 161
1998 181 120.6 226.8 Tugu Gage = A, Beringin Gage = B, Ngaliyan Gage = C
1999 244.9 219.8
2000 156.8 182.3 201.7
2001 186.2 145.8 226.6
2002 131.4 144.1 182.4
2003 177 154.9 238.8
2004 145.3 145.6 215.2
2005 185.7 153.7 214.5
2006 215 125.2 203
2007 201 123.4 219.9
2008 164 219.3 222.8
Second, calculate the ratio of normal various gage value to
2009 193.3 174.2 224.8 normal missing data gage value. In this case, we define
2010 223.3 282.7 267
2011 189.2 144.3 221
that A and C as various gage and B as missing data gage.
Total 2735.1 2218.1 3245.3
 Therefore, the normal of various gage value can be obtained by averaging of A and
C.

Third, calculate the estimation of missing data using appropriate equation based on
ratio value. In this case, the ratio value is 25,82% > 10%, therefore the second
equation must be employed.
 Tugu Sub-District Rainfall Data
Nx  P1 P2 P3 PM 
Px      ... 
1997 - 2011

M N
 1 N 2 N 3 N M  units: mm
Tugu Beringin Ngaliyan
Year
B  P1 P3  Gage Gage Gage
P2     1997 141 102 161
M A C 1998 181 120.6 226.8
1999 244.9 124.5847 219.8

158,4357  244,9 219,8  2000 156.8 182.3 201.7

P2    
2001 186.2 145.8 226.6
3 182,34 216,3533  2002
2003
131.4
177
144.1
154.9
182.4
238.8

P2  124,5847
2004 145.3 145.6 215.2
2005 185.7 153.7 214.5
2006 215 125.2 203
2007 201 123.4 219.9
2008 164 219.3 222.8
Fourth, fill the missing data by the estimation result. 2009 193.3 174.2 224.8
2010 223.3 282.7 267
2011 189.2 144.3 221
Total 2735.1 2342.685 3245.3
Average 182.3400 156.1790 216.3533
Rainfall Data  Data Consistency.

In the previous section, we have learned about the estimate of missing rainfall
data.

In other sides, although the rainfall data are available in a complete data series
without the missing data, the consistency data might be the another issue.
Sometimes one of the rainfall gage in the representative area is changed into
another technical specification or the natural condition of the region has been
changed. This condition can give affect to rainfall data consistency.

Then..
Let’s Check the Methods for
Data Consistency Analysis
 Rainfall Data  Data Consistency.

Double Mass Curve Method

For Example, there are 3 rainfall gages called as A, B and C and we want to check
the data consistency for each rainfall gage.

The procedures of data consistency analysis using double mass curve method:
1. Arrange all of data series from the latest year to earliest year.
2. Calculate the cumulative of the rainfall value in a rainfall gage (ie: gage A) and
signed as .
3. Calculate the cumulative of the average rainfall value from other gages or
representative gages (ie: gage B and gage C) and signed as .
4. Plot the result of step 3 into Cartesian coordinate. The x-direction is coordinate
for and the y-direction is coordinate for . Use the Ms-Excel for the better result.
5. Evaluate the plotting result. If the curve is fairly straight, we can say that the
rainfall data of gage A is consistence. If the curve has the breaking point, the
rainfall data of gage A is inconsistence, therefore the calculation of correction
factor for gage A must be conducted.

Consistence Condition

Inconsistence Condition
6. The equation of correction factor can be written as
c
CF 
a
Where, c is the term of corrected slope and a is the term of original slope.

Let’s Check the Example

Please check the data consistency of the rainfall data from gage A (Tugu Gage).
Tugu Sub-District Rainfall Data The Worksheet of Rainfall Data Consistency Analysis
1997 - 2011 Gage A (Tugu Gage)

units: mm
Tugu Beringin Ngaliyan Representative Gages Cumulative
Year Year A
Gage Gage Gage B C Ave BC A Ave BC
1997 141 102 161
2011 189.2 144.3 221 182.65 189.2 182.65
1998 181 120.6 226.8
2010 223.3 282.7 267 274.85 412.5 457.5
1999 244.9 124.5847 219.8
2009 193.3 174.2 224.8 199.5 605.8 657
2000 156.8 182.3 201.7
2008 164 219.3 222.8 221.05 769.8 878.05
2001 186.2 145.8 226.6
2007 201 123.4 219.9 171.65 970.8 1049.7
2002 131.4 144.1 182.4
2006 215 125.2 203 164.1 1185.8 1213.8
2003 177 154.9 238.8
2004 145.3 145.6 215.2 2005 185.7 153.7 214.5 184.1 1371.5 1397.9
2005 185.7 153.7 214.5 2004 145.3 145.6 215.2 180.4 1516.8 1578.3
2006 215 125.2 203 2003 177 154.9 238.8 196.85 1693.8 1775.15
2007 201 123.4 219.9 2002 131.4 144.1 182.4 163.25 1825.2 1938.4
2008 164 219.3 222.8 2001 186.2 145.8 226.6 186.2 2011.4 2124.6
2009 193.3 174.2 224.8 2000 156.8 182.3 201.7 192 2168.2 2316.6
2010 223.3 282.7 267 1999 244.9 124.5847 219.8 172.1924 2413.1 2488.792
2011 189.2 144.3 221 1998 181 120.6 226.8 173.7 2594.1 2662.492
Total 2735.1 2342.685 3245.3 1997 141 102 161 131.5 2735.1 2793.992
Average 182.3400 156.1790 216.3533
 Double Mass Curve
Corrected

Based on the plotting result, double mass curve break at 2007, therefore the
rainfall data in the gage A is inconsistence. To calculate correction factor (CF), the
corrected curve must be developed based on data from 2007 until 2011.
Thus, CF can be Calculated as
0,8879
CF   0,91
0,9754
The corrected rainfall data of gage A listed below
The Worksheet of Rainfall Data Consistency Analysis
Gage A (Tugu Gage)

Representative Gages Cumulative A Corrected

Year A
B C Ave BC A Ave BC 0.91
2011 189.2 144.3 221 182.65 189.2 182.65
2010 223.3 282.7 267 274.85 412.5 457.5
2009 193.3 174.2 224.8 199.5 605.8 657
2008 164 219.3 222.8 221.05 769.8 878.05
2007 201 123.4 219.9 171.65 970.8 1049.7
2006 215 125.2 203 164.1 1185.8 1213.8 195.65
2005 185.7 153.7 214.5 184.1 1371.5 1397.9 168.99
2004 145.3 145.6 215.2 180.4 1516.8 1578.3 132.22
2003 177 154.9 238.8 196.85 1693.8 1775.15 161.07
2002 131.4 144.1 182.4 163.25 1825.2 1938.4 119.57
2001 186.2 145.8 226.6 186.2 2011.4 2124.6 169.44
2000 156.8 182.3 201.7 192 2168.2 2316.6 142.69
1999 244.9 124.5847 219.8 172.1924 2413.1 2488.792 222.86
1998 181 120.6 226.8 173.7 2594.1 2662.492 164.71
1997 141 102 161 131.5 2735.1 2793.992 128.31
Areal Rainfall.

Due the rainfall usually will be vary in a region (although in a small space), the
various of rainfall gages are necessary. The various gages spread entire the certain
region. To analyze the areal rainfall in the a region, determining the average of areal
rainfall must be conducted.

These are the most common methods to analyze the average of areal rainfall.
 Arithmetic-mean method.

 Thiessen polygon method.

 Isohyetal method.
Areal Rainfall  Arithmetic-Mean Method

This method is the simplest method of determining areal average rainfall.

𝑛 Example:
  ∑ 𝑃𝑖
´ 𝑖=1
𝑃=
𝑛
Areal Rainfall  Thiessen Polygon Method

The thiessen method assumes that at any point in the watershed the rainfall is the
same as that at nearest gage so the depth recorded at a given gage is applied out to
a distance halfway to the next station in any direction.
Example:
𝑛
´𝑃= 1 ∑ 𝑃𝑖 𝐴 𝑖
 

𝐴 𝑖=1
Areal Rainfall  Isohyetal Method

The isohyetal method overcomes some of these difficulties by constructing

isohyets, using observed depths at rain gages and interpolation between adjacent
gages. Where there is a dense networks rain gages, isohayetal maps can be
constructed using computer program for automated contouring. Example:

𝑃𝑎 + 𝑃𝑏
 
´
𝑃=
∑ [ (
𝐴
2 )]
∑𝐴
Introduction to Polder System
Polder system defined as bounded low level of land surface which resulting from
the reclamation. In other word, polder is a cavity area. Therefore, in the polder, the
surface run-off cannot flow gravitationally.
Based on the definition, polder system has characteristics follows:

 Due polder is a bounded area, thus the water from the outside of the area
prohibited to enter the certain polder system.

 In inside of polder system, there are the hydraulic structure to control run-off
and usually the structures be equipped with pump system.

Pay Attention to
Schematic of Polder System
in Tanjung Duren, West JKT
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

QUESTION ?

NGAKAN PUTU PURNADITYA  ngkp.purnaditya@gmail.com

(082 145 320 179)