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Emotion
Emotion
Emotion
Torment Torment
More Basic Emotions
Suffering Agony, suffering, hurt, anguish
Depression, despair, hopelessness, gloom,
Sadness glumness, sadness, unhappiness, grief, sorrow,
woe, misery, melancholy
Disappointment Dismay, disappointment, displeasure
Sadness
Shame Guilt, shame, regret, remorse
Alienation, isolation, neglect, loneliness,
Neglect rejection, homesickness, defeat, dejection,
insecurity, embarrassment, humiliation, insult
Sympathy Pity, sympathy
Alarm, shock, fear, fright, horror, terror, panic,
Horror
hysteria, mortification
Fear
Anxiety, nervousness, tenseness, uneasiness,
Nervousness
apprehension, worry, distress, dread
Volunteers:
Role play
Take a card
Act out the emotion
Class can you guess what the emotion
displayed was?
Theories of Emotion
Emotions are a mix of 1) physiological
activation, 2) expressive behaviors, and 3)
conscious experience.
Theories of Emotion
Bob Sacha
James-Lange
Theory of Emotion
Experience of emotion is awareness of
physiological responses to emotion-
arousing stimuli
Sight of Pounding Fear
oncoming heart (emotion)
car (arousal)
(perception of
stimulus)
Cannon-Bard
Theory of Emotion
Pounding
heart Emotion-arousing
(arousal)
Sight of stimuli simultaneously
oncoming
car trigger:
(perception of
stimulus) physiological
responses
Fear subjective experience
(emotion)
of emotion
Schachter-Singer Two-
Factor Theory of Emotion
Pounding
heart To experience
(arousal)
Sight of Fear emotion one
oncoming
car
(emotion)
must:
(perception of
stimulus)
be physically
aroused
Cognitive cognitively
label label the
“I’m afraid” arousal
Embodied Emotion
Performance
peaks at
lower levels
of arousal for
difficult tasks,
and at higher
levels for
easy or well-
learned tasks
Compare to motivation
Physiological Similarities
Physiological responses related to the
emotions of fear, anger, love, and boredom are
very similar.
Reuters/ Corbis
Arousal from a soccer match can fuel anger, which
may lead to rioting.
Cognition and Emotion
Sens
The brain’s shortcut for emotions route
ory i
nput
d m
amyg directly ay be
d t
thala ala (via o the
m th
insta us) for a e
n n
react t emotion
i a
corte on or to t l
x for h
analy e
sis
Emotion: Lie Detectors
Polygraph
machine commonly used in attempts to
detect lies
measures several of the physiological
responses accompanying emotion
perspiration
cardiovascular
breathing changes
Emotion--A Polygraph
Examination
Emotion—
Lie Detectors
Control Question
Aim to make anyone nervous (baseline)
Up to age 18, did you ever physically harm
anyone?
Relevant Question
Did [the deceased] threaten to harm you
in any way?
Relevant response greater than control
response Lie
Emotion--
Lie Detectors
Respiration
Perspiration
Heart rate
50
1/3 of innocent
40 declared guilty
30
1/4 of guilty
20
declared
innocent (from
10
0
Innocent
people
Guilty
people
Kleinmuntz &
Judged innocent by polygraph Szucko, 1984)
Judged guilty by polygraph
Emotion-- Lab
Lie Detectors
Is 70% accuracy good?
Assume 5% of 1000 employees actually
guilty
test all employees
285 will be wrongly accused
What about 95% accuracy?
Assume 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty
test all employees (including 999 innocents)
50 wrongly declared guilty
1 of 51 testing positive are guilty
Expressed Emotion
How do we decipher people’s emotions?
body language
tone of voice
facial expressions
Are these behaviors culture, gender
bound?
How good are we in detecting true or
false emotions?
Nonverbal Communication
People more speedily detect an angry face
than a happy one
Nonverbal Communication
We read fear and anger mostly from eyes,
happiness from the mouth
Experience influences how we perceive
emotions
physically abused children are quicker to pick out
the angry face than non abused children
At what point does the person morph into
fear?
Gender Differences
Women generally surpass men at reading
people’s emotional cue
Spotting lies
Greater emotional literacy
Greater emotional responsiveness to positive
and negative situations
More empathic…more likely to express
empathy
Expressed Emotion:
Gender Differences
Gender and expressiveness
16
Number
14
of Men Women
expressions 12
10
Facial muscles
reveal signs of
emotion.
Difficult to detect
expression of
deceit
Absence of verbal
or emotional cues
makes detection
Which smile is feigned, which is natural?
difficult
How can you tell?
Expressed Emotion
Culturally universal expressions
Emotions are Adaptive
Darwin speculated
that our ancestors
communicated with
facial expressions in
the absence of
language. Nonverbal
facial expressions led
to our ancestor’s
survival.
The
Amygdala--a
neural key to
fear learning
Experienced Emotion: Anger
Frustrations, insults…evoke anger
Catharsis
emotional release
catharsis hypothesis
“releasing”, or venting, aggressive energy
(through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive
urges
Temporary relief may actually amplify anger
Reconciliation better than retaliation in reducing
anger and its symptoms
Experienced Emotions:
Happiness
Subjective Well-Being
self-perceived happiness or
satisfaction with life
used along with measures of
objective well-being
physical and economic indicators
to evaluate people’s quality of life
Experienced Emotion
Moods across the day
Experienced Emotion
Changing materialism
Experienced Emotion
Does money buy happiness?
Average $20,000
per-person $19,000
$18,000
after-tax income
$17,000 100% Percentage
in 1995 dollars
$16,000 90% describing
$15,000 80% themselves as
$14,000 very happy
$13,000 70%
Personal income
$12,000 60%
$11,000
50%
$10,000
Percentage very happy 40%
$9,000
$8,000 30%
$7,000 20%
$6,000
10%
$5,000
$4,000 0%
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Year
Experienced Emotion
Values and life satisfaction
0.6
Importance
0.4 Money
scores
Love
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00
Life satisfaction
Experienced Emotion
Adaptation-Level Phenomenon
tendency to form judgments relative to a “neutral”
level
brightness of lights
volume of sound
level of income
defined by our prior experience
Current level of happiness/satisfaction after awhile
may not be enough
May want to increase level so strive to do something a little
more challenging (tied in with motivation)
Relative Deprivation
perception that one is worse off relative to those with
whom one compares oneself
Happiness is...
Researchers Have Found That However, Happiness Seems Not Much
Happy People Tend to Related to Other Factors, Such as
Have work and leisure that engage Parenthood (having children or not)
their skills