MOTIVATION FOR CROSS-

LAYER PROTOCOL DESIGN

Name- Deepshikha Bhattacharya
Reg. No.- MP19CoE001
 WHAT IS A PROTOCOL?

• A formal set of rules and regulations

• Governs how computers exchange information over a network
• Dictate how to format, transmit and receive data
• A protocol within a given layer is described in terms of the
functionalities it offers
 TYPES OF NETWORKS
• Wired Networks

• Wireless Networks
 WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK(WSN)
• Event based systems
• Continuously observe a certain physical phenomenon
• Reliably detect/estimate event features
 LAYERED COMMUNICATION
ARCHITECTURE

• Also known as protocol layering

• Used in 7-layer Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) Model and the
4-layer TCP/IP model
• Forbids direct communication between non-adjacent layers
 LAYERED COMMUNICATION
ARCHITECTURE
• OSI model was developed to standardize the protocol development
effort.
• In the case of the OSI seven-layer model, the layers were defined
before the development of protocols
• Subsequent to the publication of the seven-layer model, protocols at
different layers were developed.
 LAYERED COMMUNICATION
ARCHITECTURE
• The communication protocols are individually developed for
different networking layers (transport, network etc.)
• The complete system is connected through limited interfaces between
the layers.
 DRAWBACKS OF PROTOCOL LAYERING

• Lack of coordination between layers.

• Inter-layer communication happens only between adjacent layers.
• Not jointly designed and optimized to maximize the overall network
performance.
• Do not help in minimizing energy expenditure.
 LAYERED COMMUNICATION
ARCHITECTURE
• Protocol Layering may have served well in the case of wired
networks.
• It does not work well for wireless networks and possess a few
challenges.
• These challenges are majorly due to the peculiarities of the wireless
medium.
• New features of the networking environment like shared channels,
limited bandwidth, high error rates, severe interference, propagation
environments, increased latency, and mobility.
 CHALLENGES AND CONSTRAINTS

•TCP on Wireless Links

•Real-Time Multimedia
•Vertical Handovers
•Energy efficiency
•Self Management
•Wireless Networking
•Design Constraints
•Security
 TCP ON WIRELESS LINKS

• TCP is a connection-oriented end-to-end data transfer protocol.

• A transmission control protocol (TCP) sender erroneously mistakes
all losses on a wireless link to be an indicator of network congestion
• The TCP source reacts to any sort of loss as though it was due to
congestion and thus decreases the packet transmission rate, causing
loss in network throughput.
 REAL-TIME MULTIMEDIA

• The time-varying nature of the wireless links

• Higher error probabilities
• Delays caused in negotiating multiple access over the shared wireless
medium
 VERTICAL HANDOVERS

• Seamless transition of a multimode device from one network

interface to another.
• For example, a person accessing the Internet on the road using the
cellular mobile phone network might move into a building served by
a wireless LAN.
 ENERGY EFFICIENCY
• Sensor nodes operate with limited energy budgets.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
 MAC LAYER & NETWORK LAYER

• Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer allocates network access to

computers.
• IEEE-802.11 protocol is used here in MAC layer.
• Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is used here as routing
protocol in the network layer.
 MAC LAYER & NETWORK LAYER

• IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol tries to avoid collisions with a protocol

called CSMA/CA (CSMA with Collision Avoidance)
• AODV routing protocol in the network layer stores a route table
which consists of destination address, next hop address, destination
sequence number and life time of any route.
 ENERGY EFFICIENCY

• Provide MAC layer with the route table which makes scheduling
more efficient
 ENERGY EFFICIENCY
• If a route discovers an error or the link breaks then that becomes an
unused route.
• This gets updated in the route table of the Network Layer and due to
cross layer approach reaches the MAC layer.
• MAC layer then schedules the network access accordingly.
• Unused routes automatically expire even if the topology does not
change.
• Reduces the energy consumption throughout the network.
 SELF MANAGEMENT

Ad Hoc Deployment

• No predetermined locations of individual sensors
• Networks being deployed in remote areas
• Interference of different nodes with each other
• Power Control
 WIRELESS NETWORKING

• Attenuation limits the range of signals

• Two times increase in distance leads to the power reducing to ¼ of
the original power.
• Here, multi-hop communication comes into picture.
 DESIGN CONSTRAINTS

• Primary goal of wireless sensor design is to create smaller, cheaper

and more efficient devices.
• This restricts the integration of desirable components, like, GPS
receivers.
 SECURITY

• Many WSNs collect sensitive information.

• Most challenging attack is the DOS (denial-of-service).
 OTHER CHALLENGES

• Changing topology
• Low latencies required
 CONCLUSION

An efficient protocol stack that responds to

• The environment
• Network conditions
• User demands
 CROSS-LAYER PROTOCOL DESIGN

• Maintain the functionalities associated to the original layers

• Allow coordination, interaction and joint optimization of protocols
crossing different layers
 CROSS-LAYER DESIGN PROPOSALS

1. Creation of new interfaces

2. Merging of adjacent layers
3. Vertical calibration across layers
 CREATION OF NEW INTERFACES
Upwards Downwards Back and forth
 Merging Vertical calibration

Super
Layer
 CROSS LAYER DESIGN ACTIVITIES IN
INDUSTRY AND STANDARDS
• 3G Cellular Networks
• Vertical Handovers (IEEE 802.21)
• Wireless Regional Area Networks (IEEE 802.22)
• Wireless Local Area Networks
• Multimedia Over Wireless
• Mesh Networks
 REFERENCES

• W. Dargie and C. Poellabauer, Fundamentals of Wireless Sensor

Networks, 1st ed. : Wiley, pp. 7–14.
• Forouzan, Data Communications and Networking, 5th ed.: Mc Graw
Hill Education
• M. C. Vuran and I. F. Akyildiz, "XLP: A Cross-Layer Protocol for
Efficient Communication in Wireless Sensor Networks," in IEEE
Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 1578-1591,
Nov. 2010.
 REFERENCES

• Srivastava, Vineet, and Mehul Motani. "Cross-layer design and

optimization in wireless networks." Cognitive Networks: Towards
Self-Aware Networks (2007): 121-146.
• Jony, Md Imran Hossain, and Mohammad Rakibul Islam. "Energy
Efficient Cross-Layer Approach for Wireless Sensor
Networks." International Journal of Computer Applications 975
(2015): 8887.
THANK YOU