IGCSE CHEMISTRY

Chapter 6: Stoichiometric
relationships
 Mole
• The mole is a large number: 6.02 x 1023
• This number is called Avogadro’s number
• We use this number to count things in
chemistry
• The word mole is abbreviated to mol
• n is the symbol used to represent the number
of moles
The exact definition of a mole is the amount of a
substance that contains the same number of
chemical species as there are atoms in exactly
12g of the isotope carbon-12.
Avogadro’s constant (L) has the value 6.02x1023
particles per mole.
The mole is the chemist’s counting unit.
It contains 6.02 x 1023 particles of a substance.
Example: 1 dozen = 12 of something
1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 of something

What are species (particles)?

Atoms – smallest species of an element
Molecules – smallest species of a covalent cmpd
Ions – smallest species of an ionic cmpd
When we want to count atoms or molecules, we
use Avogadro’s # as a conversion factor.
There are 6.02 x 1023 number of atoms in one
mole of an element.
There are 6.02 x 1023 number of molecules in a
covalent compound.
• N is the number of particles ie. ions, atoms,
molecules, formula units, electrons
 ATOMS
MASS PARTIC
MOLECULES
(g) LES
FORMULA UNITS
MULTIPLY BY
6.02X1023 PART
MOL

DIVIDE BY
6.02X1023 PART
MOL

MOLE

VOLUME
(L)
 Atoms

How many atoms are there in 1 mol of H2O?

H2O has 3 atoms

3 x 6.02 x 1023 = 1.806 x 1024 atoms

How many moles are in 12.04 x 1023 atoms?
12.04 x 1023 / 6.02 x 1023 = 2 moles
 Molecules

How many molecules are there in 4 moles of

H20?

4 x 6.02 x 1023 = 2.408 x 1024 molecules

How many moles are there in 12.04 x 1023
molecules of H2O?

12.04 x 1023 / 6.02 x 1023 = 2 moles

1 The relative atomic mass (Ar) is the average
mass of an atom, taking into account the relative
abundances of all the naturally occurring
isotopes of the element.
2 The relative molecular mass (Mr) of a covalent
or molecular compound is the sum of all the
atomic masses of the elements in the
compound.
3 The relative formula mass (Mf) of an ionic
compound is the sum of all the atomic masses of
the ions in the formula.
 Notice that Ar, Mr and Mf have no units
because they are “relative” terms.
What is the relative formula mass of NaCl?
Ar(Na) = 22.990 Ar(Cl) = 35.453

Mr(NaCl) = 22.990 + 35.453 = 58.443

What is the relative molecular mass of H2O?

Ar(H) = 1.0079 Ar(O) = 15.999

Mr(H20) = 1.0079 x 2 + 15.999 = 18.015

 Molar mass
The mass of one mole of a species is
called the molar mass (M) and it has the
units of g/mol or g mol-1.

By looking at the periodic table we see the

atomic masses of the elements

eg. M(C) = 12.011gmol-1

Moles
 ATOMS
MASS PARTIC
MOLECULES
(g) LES
FORMULA UNITS
MULTIPLY BY
MOLAR MASS
DIVIDE BY
MOLAR MASS

MOLE

VOLUME
(L)
How many moles are there in 1.00g of NaCl?
M(NaCl) = 22.990 + 35.453 = 58.443g/mol
m(NaCl) = 1.00g
n(NaCl) = m/M = 1g/58.443g/mol
= 0.0171mol NaCl
How many grams are there in 2.00 moles of
H2O?

M(H20) = 1.0079 x 2 + 15.999 = 18.015g/mol

n=m/M so m=nM
m = 2.00 mol x 18.015g/mol = 36.0g H2O
General strategy:
Solids strategy:
Problem 1:
184g of KClO3 decomposes. How many
grams of O2 will be produced?
[K = 39, Cl = 35.5, O = 16]
2KClO3  2KCl + 3O2
184g xg
2(39+35.5+48) g 3 x 32 g

X = 184 x 96 / 245 = 72.1

Problem 2:
How many grams of KClO3 are needed to
produce 205g of KCl?
2KClO3  2KCl + 3O2
xg 205 g
245 g 2(39+35.5) g
X = 245 x 205 / 149 = 337 g
 STOICHIOMETRY

 For any stoichiometry problem, you must

know what unit you are given and what unit
you are looking for.
 Step one is to ALWAYS convert to moles unless
you are already in moles.
 Step two is to multiply by the mole ratio with
the unknown on top.
 Step three is to convert to the unit you are
looking for using the mole conversion chart.
 Stoich Problems – Mole to Mole
 Given moles – looking for moles

2H2 + O2 2H2O
6 mole x mole
1 mole 2 mole
X = 12 moles
How many moles of H2O are produced from 6.0 moles of oxygen?

Step 1: Label your equation

Step 2: Write down the given and multiply by the mole ratio with the
unknown on top.
MOLE TO MOLE EXAMPLES
1. N2 + 3H2 2 NH3
How many moles of N2 are needed to make 12.2 moles of NH3?
1/2 x/12.2
2. 2C2H2 + 5O2 4CO2 + 2H2O
How many moles of CO2 are produced from 0.80 moles of O2?
4/5 x/0.8

3. 2H2S + 3O2 2SO2 + 2H2O

How many moles of H2S must react with 0.68 moles O2?
2/3 x/0.68
 2H2 + O2 2H2O
6 mole xg
2 mole 2 x 18 g
X = 108 g

How many grams of water are formed from 6.0 moles of H2?
 MOLE TO MASS EXAMPLES
2H2 + O2 2H2O
 1. How many grams of water are produced
when 4.84 mol hydrogen reacts?
 2. How many grams of oxygen are need to
react with 54.2 mol of hydrogen?
 3. How many grams of hydrogen are
needed to produce 1.634 mol of water?
 2H2 + O2 2H2O
4.84 mole xg
2 mole. 2x18g
X=

 1. How many grams of water are produced

when 4.84 mol hydrogen reacts?
 PRACTICE – MOLE TO MASS
 Ca3(PO4)2 + 3SiO2 + 5C 3CaSiO3 + 5CO +
2P
 1. How many grams of SiO2 are needed to
produce 10.0 mol CO?

 2. How many grams of carbon are needed to

react with 3.0 mol of Ca3(PO4)2?

 3. 42.0 mol of C produces how many grams

of CaSiO3?
 5/3 - x/42.0
 (42 x 5)/ 3= 70
Ca3(PO4)2 + 3SiO2 + 5C 3CaSiO3 + 5CO +
2P
xg 10
mole
3(28+32) g 5
mole
X = 180 x 10 / 5 = 360 g
1. How many grams of SiO2 are needed to
produce 10.0 mol CO?
 Stoich Problems – Mass to Mole
 Given grams – looking for moles
2H2 + O2 2H2O
How many moles of water are formed from 16.0 grams of H2?

Step 1: Label the equation correctly.

Step 2: Put down the given and divide by molar mass of the given to
get moles.
Step 3: Multiply by mole ratio – unknown on top – to get moles.
 MASS TO MOLE EXAMPLES
2H2 + O2 2H2O
 1. How many moles of water are produced
when 4.84 grams of hydrogen reacts?
 2. How many moles of oxygen are need to
react with 54.2 grams of hydrogen?
 3. How many moles of hydrogen are needed
to produce 1.634 grams of water?
 PRACTICE – MASS TO MOLE
 Ca3(PO4)2 + 3SiO2 + 5C 3CaSiO3 + 5CO
+ 2P
 1. How many moles of SiO2 are needed
to produce 420 g of CO?

 2. How many moles of CaSiO3 are

produced when 100.0 g of Ca3(PO4)2 are
reacted?

 3. How many moles of Ca3(PO4)2 are

needed to produce 280.0 g of CO?
 Stoich Problems – Mass to Mass
 Given grams – looking for grams
2H2 + O2 2H2O
How many grams of O2 are needed to react with 20.0 g of H2 ?
Step 1: Label the equation.

Step 2: Write down the given and divide by the molar mass of
the given.
Step 3: Multiply by the mole ratio to find moles of unknown.

Step 4: Multiply by molar mass of unknown to find grams of

unknown.
 MASS TO MASS EXAMPLES
2H2 + O2 2H2O
 1. How many grams of water are produced
when 4.84 grams of hydrogen reacts?
 2. How many grams of oxygen are need to
react with 54.2 grams of hydrogen?
 3. How many grams of hydrogen are needed
to produce 1.634 grams of water?
 PRACTICE – MASS TO MASS
 N2 + 3H2 2NH3

 1. How many grams of ammonia are

formed from 15.0 g N2?

 2. How many grams of H2 are needed to

react with 48.3 g N2?

 3. How many grams of H2 are needed to

produce .914 g NH3?