PHYSIOLOGY SPOTTERS

SUBMITTED BY:- ABHISHEK SINGH

CHAUHAN
CONDENSER & IRIS DIAPHRAGM
Consist of 2 lens which
serves to condense the
ray of light & focus then
on the object.

 Iris Diaphragm-It
is below
the condenser &that
controls the amount of
light reaching the object.

For oil immersion

diaphragm is widely open
while partially open in low
power.
 CEDARWOOD OIL
It is used for focusing oil immersion lens.
Power used 100X.
Has same refractive index as glass (1.515).
WINTROBE HEMATOCRIT TUBE
CYLINDRICAL TUBE
HAVING MARKING 0-10
cm.
MARKING OF 0-10
ABOVE-BELOW IS
USED FOR
ESR(ERYTHROCYTE
SEDIMENTATION RATE)
BELOW-ABOVE IS
USED FOR PCV(PACKED
CELL VOLUME)
WESTERGREN PIPETTE
Both ends are open
& internal bore is
2.5mm.

Graduated from
0-200mm.

Used for ESR

estimation.
 SAHLI’S HAEMOGLOBINOMETER

HAEMOGLOBIN
COMPARATOR BOX HAEMOGLOBIN TUBE
PIPETTE
 RECTANGULAR BOX • ROUND GLASS TUBE
WITH 2 STANDARD • SINGLE MARKED
CALIBRATED gHb%(2-
GOLDEN BROWN GLASS MEASURE 20µL
24)
RODS (0.02mL)
 WHITE BACKGROUND
PROVIDES THE
NECESSARY CONTRAST • IT DOES NOT
FOR EASY HAVE BULB
COMPARISON
 ON TOP OF IT HAS A
SLOT IN MIDDLE WHICH
ACCOMMODATE
CALIBRATED Hb TUBE
RBC PIPETTE
 RED BEAD IN THE BULB
 ON THE STEM,MARKING
0.5 BELOW THE BULB
101
ABOVE THE BULB
 USED FOR RBC COUNT
 CAPILLARY BORE IS
NARROW & IS SLOW
SPEED PIPETTE
 MOUTH PIECE IS RED
COLOUR
 RBC PIPETTE IS ALSO
USED FOR PLATELET
COUNT
WBC PIPETTE
 MARKINGS:0.5,1 BELOW
THE BULB
11 ABOVE THE BULB
 MOUTH PIECE WHITE IN
COLOUR
 CAPILLARY BORE IS
WIDER AND IS FAST
SPEED PIPETTE
 BULB IS SMALLERAND HAS
A WHITE BEAD
 WBC PIPETTE IS USED FOR
WBC COUNTING
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RBC
AND WBC PIPETTE
 HAYEM’S FLUID
 RBC DILUTING FLUID
 COMPOSITION-

SODIUM SULPHATE (Na2SO4): 2.5g - USED TO

PREVENT ROULEAUX FORMATION
SODIUM CHLORIDE (NaCl):0.5g-TO MAINTAIN
ISOTONICITYOF FLUID SO RBC REMAIN SUSPENDED
IN THE SOLUTION
MERCURIC CHLORIDE (HgCl2):0.25g-PRESERVATIVE
ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL
DISTILLED WATER:100mL-ACT AS SOLVENT
 TURK’S FLUID
 WBC DILUTING FLUID
 COMPOSITION-

GLACIAL ACETIC ACID:3mL-TO LYSE MEMBRANE OF

WBCs,RBCs AND PLATELETS
GENTIAN VIOLET(1%):1mL-TO STAIN THE NUCLEI OF
WBCs FOR IDENTIFICATION
DISTILLED WATER:100mL(SOLVENT)
 USED TO ESTIMATE FORMATION OF ACID HAEMATIN

 STANDARD COLOUR OF ACID HAEMATIN NEEDED FOR

COMPARISON CORRESPOND TO N/10 HCL

 AMOUNT IS 2gHb% OR 10% IN Hb TUBE

LEISHMAN’S STAIN
 TO STAIN CLEAR DISTINCTION IN SHADES OF
STAINING
 TO STAIN GRANULES DIFFERENTIALLY
 COMPOSITION:

EOSIN -
ACIDIC DYE(NEGATIVELY CHARGED) STAINS POSITIVELY
CHARGED(BASIC) SUCH AS RBCs & EOSINOPHIL GRANULES

METHYLENE BLUE -BASIC DYE(POSITIVELY CHARGED) STAINS

NEGATIVELY CHARGED(ACIDIC) SUCH AS CYTOPLASM,NUCLEI OF WBCs
& BASOPHIL GRANULES

ACETONE FREE METHYL ALCOHOL- AS FIXATIVE,AND TO

PRESERVE CELL CHEMICAL & METABOLIC STAIN
 CELL IDENTIFICATION
GRANULAR LEUCOCYTE

NEUTROPHIL BASOPHIL
(50-70%) EOSINOPHIL
(<1%)
 10-14 µm (1-4%)
 S-SHAPED NUCLEI
 BILOBED
 MULTILOBED(1-6
LOBES)  GRANULES IN
 CYTOPLASM-
PINK GRANULES CYTOPLASM-
 CYTOPLASM-VERY COARSE,DARK
FINE PURPLISH PURPLISH,NON
 REFRACTILE
GRANULES REFRACTILE
 CELL IDENTIFICATION
AGRANULAR LEUCOCYTE
LYMPHOCYTE
(20-40%) PLATELETS
OR
THROMBOCYTES
2-5
 µm
SMALL
MONOCYTE LYMPHOCYTE LARGE
SMALLEST
 CELL
LYMPHOCYTE
(2-8%) SMALL
 LARGE
7-10µm
10-18 µm
 10-14µm CYTOPLASM-FAINT

NUCLEUS-
 NUCLEUS-
BLUE WITH
HOMOGENOUS
LARGEST CELL
 ,DENSLY HOMOGENOUS REDDISH PURPLE
PACKED ,DENSLY GRANULES
PACKED
NUCLEUS-KIDNEY
 SMALL RIM OF

SHAPED/HORSE- CYTOPLASM  SMALL RIM OF NUCLEUS-NOT


CYTOPLASM
SHOE SHAPED PRESENT
PRICKING NEEDLE
 STERILISED DISPOSABLE
NEEDLE

 USED TO OBTAIN FREE

FLOWING
CAPILLARY/ARTERIOLE
BLOOD SAMPLE

 USED FOR PCV, Hb, RBCs &

WBCs
 SPIRIT/ALCOHOL
 USED FOR ASEPTIC PURPOSE

 70% METHYLATED SPIRIT/ALCOHOL USED TO

CLEAN & SCRUB THE AREA

 STERILIZATION WITH ALCOHOL IS

EFFECTIVE ONLY AFTER IT IS DRY
 ANTISERUM
A,B & D

 USED TO IDENDIFY THE

BLOOD GROUP OF AN
INDIVIDUAL
MICROSCOPE MIRROR

 USED TO FOCUS
LIGHT UP IN
THROUGH THE HOLE
IN STAGE OR SLIDE
PLATFORM
 TUNING
FORK

128 Hz 256-512Hz
 USED TO TEST
VIBRATION
SENSE ON BONY
(Small)
PROMINENCE  USED FOR
 RINNE TEST
 WEBER TEST
 SCHWABACH TEST
ALGOMETER
 IT IS A CYLINDRICAL
HAND-HELD
INSTRUMENT TO TEST
DEEP SOMATIC PAIN

 IT HAS KNOB PRESS

AGAINST THE BONE OR
MUSCLE(PREESURE IN
kg) TO ELICIT PAIN
WHICH CAN BE READ
FROM THE SCALE
KNEE/PATELLA HAMMER

 USED TO ELICIT DEEP

TENDON REFLEXES OR
KNEE/PATELLAR REFLEX
 SNELLEN
CHART
 IT IS AN EYE CHART
THAT CAN BE USED TO
MEASURE VISUAL
ACUITY

 USED FOR DISTANT

VISION & TO KNOW THE
ABILITY OF SUBJECT TO
RECOGNISE THE TEST
LETTER WHEN
ILLUMINATED
 JAEGER
CHART

 USED FOR NEAR VISION

& TO KNOW THE ABILITY
OF SUBJECT TO READ
THE MATERIALS IN
VARIOUS SIZE
 ISHIHARA
CHART
POLYCHROMATIC
PLATES WITH FIGURE
OR DESIGNS IN
COLOURED CIRCLES ON
BACKGROUND OF
SIMILAR SHAPE
COLOURS

 USED FOR DETECTING

COLOUR VISION
PHYSIOLOGY MARKS
DISTRIBUTION
PRACTICAL (50
THEORY (50 MARKS) MARKS)
35- WRITTEN EXAM 20-SPOTTING
15-HUMAN
10-THEORY VIVA
EXPERIMENT
05-INTERNAL 05-PRACTICAL
ASSESMENT RECORD
05-ASSIGNMENT

NOTEBOOK
05-PROJECT
WORK
THANKYOU