HYDRAULICS

PREPARED BY
AJESH KUMAR.T
SI/FIRE
GOAL :-

To make participants understand the

basic theories of hydraulics and its
use in fire service
OBJECTIVES:-
Upon completing this lesson you will be able to :-

1. Define and differentiate the pressure and head

2. Describe the characteristics of pressure

3. Calculate the water capacity of different types of containers

4. To define and calculate nozzle discharge

5. To list five principal laws governing loss of pressure due to friction

DEFINITION OF PRESSURE

Pressure may be defined as force acting

on unit area.

P= F/A
Units of the pressure are
Kg/cm2, Pounds/Inch2, Bar
 DEFINITION OF HEAD

The head at any point in a liquid column may

be defined as:- 
 “The vertical height of the free water surface
from the point at which pressure in terms of
water column is to be noted.”

The head is denoted by `H’ and has the unit of

length i.e. inches, ft, meter.
 RELATION BETWEEN PRESSURE AND HEAD:

 The pressure at any point in a system can

be converted into head or vice-versa with the
help of the following relation:
 H=10.19 P
 Where ‘H’ is the head in meter and P is the
pressure in bar
 CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESSURE:

 i) Pressure is always perpendicular to the

surface on which it acts.

 ii) Pressure at any point in a liquid at rest is

of same intensity in all directions.

 iii) Downward pressure of a liquid in an open

vessel is proportional to its depth.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESSURE:
 iv) Pressure applied from out-side to a liquid
contained in a vessel is transmitted in all
directions.

 v) The downward pressure of a liquid in an

open vessel is proportional to the density of
liquid, and

 vi) The downward pressure of a liquid on the

bottom of a vessel is independent of the shape
of that vessel.
 
 PRESSURE AND FLOW:

 Maximum flow = Actual flow x static pressure

 Loss of pressure  
 VOLUME OF RECTANGULAR TANK
 
 

Volume = l x b x h
 VOLUME OF SQUARE TANK
 
 

Volume = l x l x h
 VOLUME OF SLOPING TANK
 
 

h1 h2

l
b
Volume = l x b (h1 + h2 )
2
 VOLUME OF CYLINDRICAL TANK

d
Volume = ╓ d2 h .m2
4
 NOZZLE DISCHARGE
The amount of water flowing out of a nozzle
is known as nozzle discharge (L).  

1. L = 2/3 d2 p
p = PRESSURE IN BAR
d = DIAMETER OF NOZZLE IN mm

2. L = Vd2/20
V = VELOCITY OF FLOW IN Mtr/Sec
LOSS OF PRESSURE DUE TO FRICTION

Laws governing loss of pressure due to friction:-

 Friction loss varies directly with the length of
the pipe.
 For the same velocity, friction loss decreases
directly with the increase in diameter.
 Friction loss increases directly with the square
of the velocity.
 Friction loss increases with the roughness of
the interior of the pipe.
 Friction loss for the all practical purposes, is
independent of pressure.
 CALCULATION OF FRICTION LOSS  
 Head loss due to friction( meters) = Hf
 Friction factor = f
 Length of pipe or hose ( meter) = l
 Velocity of water ( Meter/sec.) = v
 Diameter of pipe or hose (Meter) = D
 Equivalent of acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2) = g
 H f = 2flv2
 Dg
 Hf = 10.19 Pf
 Pf = 20flV2
 d
Any Questions ?