LOGO

Haftamu Gebremedhn

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 Outline
 Objectives
 Theory
• What is passive radar?
• Passive Bistatic Radar(PBR)
• Challenges of PBR

 Forward Scattering Radar

• What is FSR?
• Features
• Limitations
 Software defined radio
• What is software defined radio?
• Benefits of SDR
• Limitation of SDR
• Universal Software  Radio Peripheral (USRP)
 Passive radar receiver design
• Block diagram and User interface

 Experimental setup
• Targets specification
• How it works

 Results and Analysis

• Measured signals
• Extracted signature
• Signature Comparisons
• Euclidean distance matrix
• Target classification

 Conclusion and future work

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 Objectives

The main aim of the project is to realize passive forward

scattering radar using Software Defined Radio (NI-USRP)
equipment

Two Key objectives:

 To design passive forward scatter radar (PFSR) based on

CW signals using Universal Software Radio Peripheral(NI-

USRP)
 Using the receiver to detect targets ( UAV’s) and extract

their signatures for the classification of the targets

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LOGO

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 What is passive radar?
 Passive radar systems doesn’t require to have a transmitter; it
depends on a radio transmitter of opportunity provided by
someone to illuminate radar targets
 It utilizes the already existing RF energy in the atmosphere
 Examples of such sources of RF energy are Broadcast FM
stations, Global Positioning Satellites, Cellular Telephones,
and Commercial Television.
 They have advantages of Low probability of intercept and
High jamming resistance

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 Passive Bistatic Radar(PBR)
 PBR is part of the bistatic or multistatic radars that make
use of numerous antennas set in varying locations

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 Challenges of PBR
 The complexity of its geometrical system(With multiple
antennas and receivers)
 The dependence on third-party illuminators

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 What is FSR?
 When a bi-static radar configures such that the bi-static angle
(β) is close to 180 degrees, then the radar system is called
forward scattering radar (FSR)

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 Features of FSR
 Simple hardware required for implementation
 High rise in the target radar cross section (RCS) compared to
monostatic radar
 The received forward scattering signal is independent from
the target material, which means that FSR is robust to stealth
technology

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 Limitations
 Lack of range resolution and operation within narrow angles

 It’s complexity for target classification

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LOGO

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 What is SDR

Software-defined radio is a concept according to which RF

communication is achieved by using software (or firmware) to
perform signal-processing tasks that are typically performed by
hardware

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 Benefits of SDR
 Flexible(related to wireless standards and their related
protocols )
 Reduced Obsolescence
 Enhances Experimentation
 Brings Analog and Digital World Together

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 Limitations of SDR
 The choice of architecture depends on the available
technology e.g. ADC performance, semiconductor
technology
 Software reliability (or the lack thereof) may define overall
radio reliability, rather than hardware limitations

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 Universal Software Radio Peripheral

 IS a computer hosted RF transceiver used for

development and explorations of software defined
radios

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 USRP…
There are different models of USRP which have different
features and capabilities

USRP Bus (B) series

USRP Network (N) series
USRP High performance(X) series
USRP Embedded (E) series

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 USRP…

Comparison between different types of USRPs

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LOGO

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 Block diagram of PFSR
 PFSR receiver was developed Using NI-USRP-2943R in LabVIEW
GUI

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Target specification

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 Indoor setup
 The receiver was located 2.5 meter distance (D= base line)
from the transmitter
 The receiver antenna was positioned at a height of 1.6m
 The target was flying along the air crossing the baseline at a
distance of 1 meter from the receiver’s antenna and 1.5 meter
from the transmitter

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 How does it Works?

 By exploiting common RF energy such as CW signals the

scattered RF energy is received by one antenna and this signal
is then compared to a reference signal from second antenna.

 By using Digital Signal Processing (DSP) techniques, target

signature is extracted

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LOGO

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 Measured signals

 The transmitted signal was affected by the targets when they

cross the base line between the transmitter and receiver
 Shadow beam of an object (target) of the size of the UAVs
should be observed at the place of the receiver
 The acquisition time of each test is about 10s
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Extracted Signature

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 Extracted Signature
Extracted signatures comparison for the same
target model on different tests

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 Euclidean distance Matrix
 A minimum Euclidean distance criteria has been adopted to evaluate
the similarity among different UAV models

 The greater the difference in size among the UAV’s, the greater the
obtained distances
 Target classification
Deep neural network learning

In the majority of cases, the system is able to correctly

associate the target signature to its class
40 data examples from each UAV model were used for training
and the 30 were used for testing
From the experimental result, the system able to classify X 600
X-SERIES 96%, 85 % for AKASO K88 and 25% for syma x5c-
1

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LOGO

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 Conclusion

 PFSR system has been developed

 Detecting of targets(UAV’s) was done successfully
 Preliminarily results against the collected data set, obtained by
means of experimental set up developed at university of
Strathclyde yields quit different target signatures
 A minimum Euclidean distance criteria has been adopted to
evaluate the similarity among different UAV models
 Target classification was done using deep neural network and
it produce good result, however it requires more work to
classify very small UAV targets.

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