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Thông Tin Số (CT386)

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Nhóm 2:
1.Cao Kim Loan 1110930
2.Lâm Quốc Sự 1110946

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 Exercise 1.1 Means and Variances of
Random Signals

• Three different signals: Gaussian distributed noise,

uniformly distributed noise and Random binary sequence.
 Exercise 1.1 Means and Variances of
Random Signals
a) Mean of the Gaussian is 0, uniform noise from -1 to 1, and
offset binary noise is 0.

b) Modify mean of the Gaussian to 2, uniform noise from 2 to 4,

and offset binary noise to 2.
 Exercise 1.2 Generating Probability
Density Functions

• Probability density functions of uniform, gaussian noise.

Total 1000 samples and number of bins is 40.
 Exercise 1.2 Generating Probability
Density Functions

• Increase the no. of samples to 10000 and increasing the

total number of bins to 100.
 Exercise 1.3 Varying the Mean and
Variance of Gaussian Noise Sources

• Change the mean of Gaussian to 2 and standard

deviation is 1, the range of uniform noise from 1 to 3.
 Exercise 1.4 Gaussian Random
Variables

• The probability density function (pdf) of a Gaussian

random variable.
 Exercise 1.8 Resistor Capacitor (RC)
Filter

• Impulse and pulse width response of RC circuit, FFT of

the impulse and pulse width response .
 Exercise 1.8 Resistor Capacitor (RC)
Filter

• FFT of the filtered noise and of the impulse response.

 Exercise 2.1 Aliasing Frequency
Calculation

• Fs =32Hz < 2fm =50Hz, which aliasing occurs. Spectrum

signal source around 25Hz, samples signal around 7Hz.
 Exercise 2.1 Aliasing Frequency
Calculation

• When the sampling rate fs>=2fm = 50Hz then signal can

recover precisely. In picture below fs=75Hz.
 Exercise 2.2 Reconstruction of
Sampled Signals

• Signal input and the reconstructed signals equal.

 Exercise 2.2 Reconstruction of
Sampled Signals

• Signal input and reconstruct waveform is nearly perfect.

• Sample rate greater than 10Hz to avoid aliasing.
 Exercise 2.5 Quantization Noise

• Quantizer using uniform noise as an input, the data is

quantized into 4 bits or 16 levels.
 Exercise 2.5 Quantization Noise

• In analysis = 1.53.10-3. Different is by samples of

simulate limit.

• A bit quantizer add then quantization noise power reduce

6dB.
• Numbers bits of quantization are required for the average
quantization noise power to be 96 dB down below the
peak signal power 96/6 = 16bit.
 Exercise 3.1 Transmitting Impulses

• Data rate is set to 2400 bits/sec, bandwidth requires for

transmit Impulses very large.
 Exercise 3.2 Square Pulse Shaping

• Use a Pulse Shaping Filter, whereby prior to transmission

the data (impulses) will be shaped to be square pulses.
• Bandwidth requires for transmit is reduces.
 Exercise 3.2 Square Pulse Shaping

• Increase the number of samples to 8192, spectra of the

square pulse waveform which should now be smoother
and around low frequency.
 Exercise 3.3 Return to Zero Square
Pulse Shaping

• Data rate is 2400bps, sampling rate was 96000Hz.

Numerator coefficient of filter is 20, thus the duration of
the impulse response of this filter is 20\96,000 second.
 Exercise 3.4 Recovering Data by
Sampling

• Delay to set sampling instant to middle of a pulse.

 Exercise 3.5 Data in a Noisy Channel

• Noise source with a standard deviation is 2.5e-3, no bit

errors occur.
 Exercise 3.5 Data in a Noisy Channel

• Increase the channel Gaussian noise to a standard

deviation of 2.5e-2. Some bit errors occurring now.
 Exercise 3.5 Data in a Noisy Channel

• Increase the no. of samples to 40000 (1000 bit data),

have 150 bit errors is get.
• Increase the channel noise to a standard deviation of
2.5e-1. BER is above 400 bit errors.
 Exercise 3.7 Bit Error Rate in a
Gaussian Noise Channel

• AWGN with a standard deviation is 25e-2. P(error) =0.15,

hence over 100 bits we note 100 x 0.15 = 15 errors.
 Exercise 3.7 Bit Error Rate in a
Gaussian Noise Channel

• Increase the number of samples to 40000 (1000 bit),

about 150 bit error is occur. 1000 x 0.15 =150 theoretical.
 Exercise 3.7 Bit Error Rate in a
Gaussian Noise Channel

• Increase the standard deviation of the noise to 1/20, run

40000 samples (1000 bits). 300 bit error is get.
 Exercise 3.9 Binary Signalling

• UNIPOLAR NRZ then bit 1 represent by voltage +V and

bit 0 by voltage 0V. POLAR NRZ bit 1 represent by
voltage +V and bit 0 by voltage –V.
 Exercise 3.9 Binary Signalling

• Spectrum UNIPOLAR RZ is large than.

 Exercise 3.11 Sinc Pulse Shaping

• The data impulses at the rate of 2400 bits/sec are shaped

by a sinc pulse, no intersymbol interference occurring.
 Exercise 3.11 Sinc Pulse Shaping

• Increase the number of samples to 16384, bandwidth is

around 1200 Hz.
 Exercise 3.13 Raised Cosine Pulse
Shaping

• The data impulses at the rate of 2400 bits/sec, raised

cosin pulse has α = 1. No intersymbol interference occur.
 Exercise 3.13 Raised Cosine Pulse
Shaping

• Increase the number of samples to 16384, bandwidth is

now 2400 Hz.
 Exercise 3.13 Raised Cosine Pulse
Shaping

• Change the roll-off parameter α = 0.2, bandwidth is

reduced.
 Exercise 4.1 Basic Bandpass
Modulation

• Double-sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) amplitude

modulation. Spectrum of modulation signal consist
double sideband 99KHz and 101KHz.
 Exercise 4.1 Basic Bandpass
Modulation

• Change the input baseband signal to a frequency sweep of

100Hz to 2000Hz over a period of 10msecs. Spectrum of
baseband input around low frequeny, of modulation signal
around 100KHz.
 Exercise 4.2 Basic Quadrature
Modulation

• Two signals multiplexes onto a single carrier, and then

demodulates and low pass filters to produce the two
signals at the receiver.
 Exercise 4.2 Basic Quadrature
Modulation

• Put a small phase error of 4 degrees then demodulate is

not precise and will add noise.
 Exercise 4.2 Basic Quadrature
Modulation

• For the IQ-mixer, set the IQ rotate parameter to 4

degrees. Effect is the same as putting a phase shift on
the carrier as done above.
 Exercise 4.3 8 Phase Shift Keying
(PSK)

• The token BER counts the number of errors Ne over the

number of trials No, and outputs a value equal to the
number of errors divided by the number of trials (Ne/No).
 Exercise 4.3 8 Phase Shift Keying
(PSK)

• Increase the value of the noise source to 1e-4W/Hz, then

Ne/No unlike 0 approximate 2.8e-1. Constellation I/Q in
output scattering.
 Exercise 4.4 8 Phase Shift Keying
(PSK) Bit Error Rate Exercise

• Gray encoding is a procedure for ensuring that nearest-

neighbor symbol errors only produce one bit error.
 Exercise 4.5 Design of a QPSK
System

• Change the phase of the carrier frequency to 10 deg.

 Exercise 9.1 Minimum Shift Keying
(MSK)

• Modulation of the NRZ data via a FM (VCO) modulator.

 Exercise 9.3 Offset QPSK Example

• Maximum phase shift in QPSK is 180deg and in OQPSK

is 90deg.
 Exercise 9.3 Offset QPSK Example

• Spectrum of QPSK is large than OQPSK.

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