Ionic Bond

Chapter 7
Chemical bonding: ionic bonding and

metallic bonding
7.1 Introducing chemical bonds
7.2 Formation of ions from atoms
7.3 Formulae of ions
7.4 Ionic bonding and ionic compounds
P. 1 / 81
7.5 Names and formulae of ionic compounds
7.6 Colours and migration of ions
7.7 Metallic bonding
Key terms
Progress check
Summary
Concept map
P. 2 / 81
Investigating electrical conductivity of substances
Substances can be classified into:

conductors,
electrolytes, and
non-conductors.
P. 3 / 81
Conductors Electrolytes Non-conductors
conduct
conduct
electricity in
electricity only
both solid and
when molten or
liquid states,
Electrical in aqueous do not conduct
without
properties solution, and electricity
undergoing any
decomposed by
chemical
electricity during
changes during
conduction
conduction
P. 4 / 81
Conductors Electrolytes Non-conductors
• all metals: • compounds made • all non-metals
 copper up of metals and (except graphite):
 iron non-metals:  iodine
 mercury  sodium chloride  sulphur
 copper (II)  carbon
• one non-
metal: sulphate (diamond)
  lead(II) bromide • most compounds
Examples carbon
(graphite) • a few compounds made up of only
made up of only non-metals:
non-metals:  distilled water
 hydrogen  oil
chloride  ethanol
 ethanoic acid
 citric acid
7.1 Introducing chemical bonds Class practice 7.1
P. 5 / 81
What is a chemical bond?
In the microscopic world, particles can be held

together by chemical bonds.
A chemical bond refers to the electrostatic

attraction that holds particles together.
P. 6 / 81
Types of chemical bonds
Three main types of chemical bonds:
Ionic bonds Metallic bonds
Covalent bonds
P. 7 / 81
Ionic bonds: mainly found in compounds made
up of metals and non-metals.
Metallic bonds: found only in metals.
Covalent bonds: mainly found in non-metals and

in compounds made up of only non-metals.
P. 8 / 81
By gaining or losing outermost shell electrons,

atoms can attain the electronic arrangement of
the nearest noble gas.
When an atom gains or loses one or more

electrons, an ion is produced.
P. 9 / 81
Formation of positive ions
A metal atom has few outermost shell electrons

(usually 1 to 3).
The easiest way is to lose these electrons,

forming a cation (positively charged ion).
P. 10 / 81
Formation of sodium ions
loses 1e
sodium atom Na sodium ion Na+

2, 8, 1 2, 8
Figure 7.1 Formation of sodium ion from sodium atom.
Get the electronic arrangement of a stable neon

atom
Overall charge of +1
P. 11 / 81
Learning tip
The number of protons and electrons in a sodium
atom and a sodium ion:
Na atom Na+ ion
Number of
11 11
protons
Number of
11 10
electrons
P. 12 / 81
Formation of magnesium ions
loses 2e
magnesium atom Mg magnesium ion Mg2+

2, 8, 2 2, 8
Figure 7.2 Formation of magnesium ion from magnesium atom.

atom
Overall charge of +2
Skill corner 7.1

P. 13 / 81
Learning tip
The number of protons and electrons in a magnesium
atom and a magnesium ion:
Mg atom Mg2+ ion

Number of
12 12
protons
Number of
12 10
electrons
P. 14 / 81
Formation of negative ions
A non-metal atom has more outermost shell

electrons.
The easiest way is to gain electrons, forming an

anion (negatively charged ion).
P. 15 / 81
Formation of chloride ions
gains 1e
chlorine atom Cl chloride ion Cl

2, 8, 7 2, 8, 8
Figure 7.3 Formation of chloride ion from chlorine atom.
Get the electronic arrangement of a stable argon
atom
Overall charge of –1
P. 16 / 81
Learning tip
The number of protons and electrons in a chlorine
atom and a chloride ion:
Cl atom Cl− ion

Number of
17 17
protons
Number of
17 18
electrons
P. 17 / 81
Formation of oxide ions
gains 2e
oxygen atom O oxide ion O2

2, 7 2, 8
Figure 7.4 Formation of oxide ion from oxygen atom.
atom
Overall charge of –2
Skill corner 7.2
Example 7.1
P. 18 / 81
Learning tip
The number of protons and electrons in an oxygen
atom and an oxide ion:
O atom O2− ion
Number of
8 8
protons
Number of
8 10
electrons
P. 19 / 81
Identifying simple ions and polyatomic ions
A simple ion is derived from a single atom.
A polyatomic ion is derived from a group of

atoms.
Examples of simple ions:

sodium ion, lead(II) ion, copper(II) ion, chloride ion,
bromide ion
P. 20 / 81
Examples of polyatomic ions:
+ – 2– 2–
H O O
N O H S C
H H H O O O O O
ammonium ion hydroxide ion sulphate ion carbonate ion

(NH4+) (OH–) (SO42–) (CO32–)
Figure 7.5 Models of some polyatomic ions.
P. 21 / 81
Key point
When an atom gains or loses one or more
electrons, an ion is produced.
simple ion is derived from a single atom.
A __________
polyatomic ion is derived from a group of
A ______________
atoms.
Class practice 7.2

P. 22 / 81
Learning tip
Atoms in these examples of polyatomic ions are
held together by a kind of chemical bond called
covalent bond. It will be discussed in Chapter 8.
P. 23 / 81
Names and formulae of common ions
We can refer to an element, a compound or an ion
by its name
by its formula (plural: formulae).
Example:
Formula of lithium: Li
Formula of lithium ion: Li+
P. 24 / 81
Charge Formula Name
Na+ sodium ion
K+ potassium ion
Cu+ copper(I) ion
1+ Ag+ silver ion
Hg+ mercury(I) ion
H+ hydrogen ion
NH4+ ammonium ion
Mg2+ magnesium ion
Ca2+ calcium ion
2+
Ba2+ barium ion
Pb2+ lead(II) ion
Table 7.2 The names and formulae of some common cations.
P. 25 / 81
Charge Formula Name
Fe2+ iron(II) ion
Co2+ cobalt(II) ion
Ni2+ nickel(II) ion
2+ Mn2+ manganese(II) ion
Cu2+ copper(II) ion
Zn2+ zinc ion
Hg2+ mercury(II) ion
Al3+ aluminium ion
3+ Fe3+ iron(III) ion
Cr3+ chromium(III) ion
Table 7.2 The names and formulae of some common cations.
P. 26 / 81
Learning tip
• Group I to Group III elements tend to form cations
(ions with positive charge).
• Ions with 4+ are uncommon.
All simple metal ions (e.g. Na+, Mg2+) are cations.
H+ and NH4+ are non-metal cations.
P. 27 / 81
When a metal forms only one cation, the ion has
the same name as the metal.
NH4+ is the only common polyatomic cation.
The same transition metal can form more than

one simple cation with different charges.
To name each ion, a Roman numeral indicating

the charge is written in brackets after the name
of the metal.
P. 28 / 81
Charge Formula Name
H hydride ion
Cl chloride ion
Br bromide ion
I iodide ion
OH hydroxide ion
NO3 nitrate ion
1 NO2 nitrite ion
HCO3 hydrogencarbonate ion
HSO4 hydrogensulphate ion
cyanide ion
CN
permanganate ion
MnO4
chlorate ion
ClO3
hypochlorite ion
ClO 
Table 7.3 The names and formulae of some common anions.
P. 29 / 81
Charge Formula Name
O2 oxide ion
S2 sulphide ion
SO42 sulphate ion
SO32 sulphite ion
2
SiO32 silicate ion
CO32 carbonate ion
CrO42 chromate ion
Cr2O72 dichromate ion
N3 nitride ion

3 P3 phosphide ion
PO43 of some common
Table 7.3 The names and formulae phosphate
anions. ion
P. 30 / 81
Learning tip
• Group V to Group VII elements tend to form
anions (ions with negative charge).
• Ions with 4 are uncommon.
All simple non-metal ions (except H+) and most

polyatomic ions are anions (except NH4+).
P. 31 / 81
Polyatomic ions usually consist of non-metals
only (e.g. NO3–, CO32–,SO42–), but some consist of
a metal and a non-metal (e.g. MnO4–, CrO42–,
Cr2O72–).
Simple anions have names ending in -ide, e.g.

an oxygen atom (O) forms an oxide ion (O2–).
P. 32 / 81
Polyatomic anions containing oxygen often have
names ending in -ate or -ite.
with more oxygen: -ate

with less oxygen: -ite
Example:
SO42– sulphate ion, SO32– sulphite ion
P. 33 / 81
Relation between ionic charge and group number of
an element
Key point
For metals in Groups I, II and III, the number
of positive charges on an ion is equal to its
group number.
______
Key point
For non-metals in Groups V, VI and VII, the
number of negative charges on an ion is
usually equal to ‘___
8 minus group number’.
P. 34 / 81
Groups
no ions formed
transition metals
form more than
one ion, e.g. Fe2+,
Fe3+
metals, forming
positively charged ions non-metals, forming
negatively charged ions
Figure 7.6 Relation between ionic charge and group number of an
element.
Class practice 7.3

P. 35 / 81
Formation of ionic bond between sodium and
chlorine
A sodium atom loses one electron to the chlorine

atom.
As a result of this transfer of electron, two ions

are produced.
Flipped classroom
Formation of ionic bonds
P. 36 / 81
electron
transfer
sodium atom (Na) chlorine atom (Cl) sodium ion chloride ion
(loses one (gains one (Na+) (Cl–)
electron) electron)
(both unstable, therefore reactive) (both stable)
Figure 7.7 Electron ‘dot-and-cross’ diagrams showing the transfer of an

electron from a sodium atom to a chlorine atom in the formation of
sodium chloride, NaCl.
P. 37 / 81
The ions formed have opposite charges, so they
attract each other strongly.
The electrostatic attraction (or electrostatic

force of attraction) which holds the oppositely
charged ions together is called ionic bond.
Learning tip
In Figure 7.7, electrons of sodium and chlorine
atoms are represented by different symbols (dots
and crosses respectively). Electrons of all elements
are in fact identical.
P. 38 / 81
Key point
Ionic bond is the strong non-directional
oppositely
electrostatic attraction between __________
charged ions.
transfer of one
An ionic bond forms by the _________
or more electrons from one atom (or a group
of atoms) to another.
P. 39 / 81
Only the outermost shell electrons are involved.
Electron ‘dot-and-cross’ diagrams simplified as:
electron
transfer
2,8,1 2,8,7 2,8 2,8,8
or even more simply,
P. 40 / 81
Formation of ionic bond between magnesium and
fluorine
A magnesium atom loses two electrons, while

a fluorine atom gains one electron.
Each magnesium atom combines with two

fluorine atoms.
P. 41 / 81
electron
+ +
transfer
2,7 2,8,2 2,7 2,8 2,8 2,8
fluorine magnesium fluorine fluoride magnesium fluoride
atom atom atom ion ion ion
(unstable atoms) (stable ions)
P. 42 / 81
The electron diagram of magnesium fluoride can
also be drawn as:
or
P. 43 / 81
Formation of ionic bond between lithium and
oxygen
A lithium atom loses one electron while an

oxygen atom gains two electrons.
Each oxygen atom combines with two lithium

atoms.
P. 44 / 81
electron
+
transfer
2,1 2,6 2 2,8

lithium atom oxygen atom lithium ion oxide ion
(unstable atoms) (stable ions)
P. 45 / 81
The positively charged ions are attracted to the
negatively charged ions by ionic bonds.
Key point
An ionic compound is a compound which
ions It is electrically neutral.
consists of _______.
Learning tip
The structures of ionic compounds will be discussed
in Section 9.4.
Class practice 7.4
P. 46 / 81
Names of ionic compounds
The cation is named first, followed by the anion.

The word ‘ion’ is omitted.
P. 47 / 81
Name of
Cation Anion
compound
Mg2+, magnesium
O2–, oxide ion Magnesium oxide
ion
Al3+, aluminium ion SO42–, sulphate ion Aluminium sulphate
NH4+, ammonium CO32–, carbonate Ammonium

ion ion carbonate
Na+, sodium ion NO3–, nitrate ion Sodium nitrate
Na+, sodium ion NO2–, nitrite ion Sodium nitrite
Cu+, copper(I) ion O2–, oxide ion Copper(I) oxide
Cu2+, copper(II) ion O2–, oxide ion Copper(II) oxide
Table 7.4 The names of some ionic compounds.
P. 48 / 81
Formulae of ionic compounds
The formula of an ionic compound is a symbol

indicating the types and numbers of ions
present in the compound.
P. 49 / 81
Formula of sodium oxide
One oxide ion needs two sodium ions to balance
the charges in the compound.
Charge: +2 –2
Na+ Na+ O2–
Figure 7.8 The overall charge of sodium oxide is zero.
Formula: Na2O Experiment 7.1 Experiment 7.1
P. 50 / 81
Formula of magnesium nitrate
Two nitrate ions are needed to balance the double
the positive charge of the magnesium ion.
Charge: +2 –2
Mg2+ NO3– NO3–
Figure 7.9 The overall charge of magnesium nitrate is zero.
Problem-solving strategy 7.1
Formula: Mg(NO3)2 Class practice 7.5
P. 51 / 81
Formula of ammonium carbonate
Two ammonium ions are needed to balance the
double negative charge of the carbonate ion.
Charge: +2 –2
NH4+ NH4+ CO32–
Figure 7.10 The overall charge of ammonium carbonate is zero.
Formula: (NH4)2CO3 STSE connections 7.1
Concept check Activity 7.1 STSE connections 7.2
P. 52 / 81
Colours of ions
Some ions are coloured.
Ion Copper(II) Iron(II) Iron(III)
Formula Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+
Yellow or
Colour Blue or green Pale green
brown
Photo
Table 7.5 The colours of ions in aqueous solution.
P. 53 / 81
Chromium(III
Ion Cobalt(II) Nickel(II) Chromate
)
Formula Co2+ Ni2+ Cr3+ CrO42–
Colour Pink Green Green Yellow
Photo
P. 54 / 81
Ion Dichromate Manganese(II) Permanganate
Formula Cr2O72– Mn2+ MnO4–
Colour Orange Very pale pink Purple
Photo
Experiment 7.2
Class practice 7.6
P. 55 / 81
Coloured ions in gemstones
Colours of gemstones: traces of coloured ions.
Gemstone Amethyst Emerald Jade
purple green green
Colour
Ion
manganese(III) chromium(III) ion, chromium(III)
responsible
ion, Mn3+ Cr3+ ion, Cr3+
for colour
Table 7.6 Coloured ions in some gemstones.
P. 56 / 81
Gemstone Peridot Topaz Turquoise
light green yellow bluish green
Colour
Ion
copper(II) ion,
responsible iron(II) ion, Fe2+ iron(III) ion, Fe 3+
Cu2+
for colour
Table 7.6 Coloured ions in some gemstones.
P. 57 / 81
Migration of ions
Migration of potassium ions and permanganate ions
Investigate the migration (movement) of coloured

ions under the influence of an electric field
small potassium filter paper moistened with

permanganate crystal sodium sulphate solution
purple spot
negative
positive electrode
electrode microscope slide
Simulation (Migration of ions)

P. 58 / 81
small potassium
purple spot permanganate crystal microscope slide
filter paper
positive negative moistened with
electrode electrode sodium sulphate
solution
20 V d.c. supply
Figure 7.11 To show the migration of purple permanganate ions under the
influence of an electric field (using a strip of filter paper on a microscope
slide).
Permanganate ions (MnO4–) are purple in colour

and negatively charged.
P. 59 / 81
They are attracted towards the positive electrode.
Learning tip
The ions in ionic compounds become mobile
when the ionic compounds are molten or in
aqueous solution.
P. 60 / 81
Migration of copper(II) ions and dichromate ions
carbon electrode carbon electrode
dilute hydrochloric
acid
this region slowly becomes dilute hydrochloric acid
orange due to the migration this region slowly
of negative dichromate ions becomes blue due to
towards the positive the migration of
electrode a gel containing positive copper(II)
copper(II) ions and ions towards the
dichromate ions negative electrode
Figure 7.12 To show the migration of coloured ions during electrolysis

(using a U-tube).
P. 61 / 81
Observe the migration of coloured ions during
electrolysis
The migration of ions under the influence of

electric field provides further evidence that
ions exist in some compounds.
SBA note
The gel slows down the mixing of the bottom layer in
the U-tube with the top layer (dilute hydrochloric acid).
Experiment 7.3 Experiment 7.3 Class practice 7.7
P. 62 / 81
What is metallic bond?
Take sodium metal as an example.
The single outermost shell electron is far away
from the nucleus.
A positive sodium ion
Delocalized electrons
Learning tip
The structures of metals will be discussed in Section
9.5.
P. 63 / 81
metal ions
(positively
charged)
delocalized electrons
(negatively charged)
Figure 7.13 In a metal, positively charged metal ions are surrounded
by a ‘sea’ of negatively charged electrons.
P. 64 / 81
Metal ions are surrounded by a ‘sea’ of
electrons.
Key point
The electrostatic attraction between a ‘sea’ of
delocalized electrons and metal ions is called
metallic bond
_____________.
Think about
P. 65 / 81
How do metals conduct electricity?
When connected to a battery, the delocalized

electrons move in one direction only.
There is no chemical change when the metal

conducts electricity.
Learning tip
Mercury is a liquid at room temperature and
pressure, but it conducts electricity no matter it is in
liquid or solid state.
P. 66 / 81
movement of delocalized electrons
electrons electrons
moving moving
out of metal metal piece
into metal
+ 
Figure 7.14 How metals conduct electricity.
Class practice 7.8

P. 67 / 81
Key terms
1. anion 陰離子
2. cation 陽離子
3. chemical bond 化學鍵
4. conductor 導電體
5. delocalized electron 離域電子
6. electrolyte 電解質
7. electron ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram
電子點叉圖
8. formula 化學式
P. 68 / 81
9. ion 離子
10. ionic bond 離子鍵
11. ionic compound 離子化合物
12. metallic bond 金屬鍵
13. migration of ion 離子的遷移
14. non-conductor 非導電體
15. polyatomic ion 多原子離子
16. simple ion 簡單離子
17. transfer of electron 電子轉移
Key terms
P. 69 / 81
Progress check
1. How do we classify substances based on their
electrical conductivity?
2. What are the three main types of chemicals
bonds?
3. What is an ion?
4. What are the ions formed by atoms of metals and
non-metals?
5. What are the names and formulae of some
common ions?
P. 70 / 81
6. What is the relation between ionic charge and
group number of an element?
7. How can we use electron diagrams to describe
the formation of ions and ionic bonds?
8. What is ionic bond?
9. How can we interpret the chemical formulae of
ionic compounds?
10. How can we name ionic compounds based on the
component ions?
11. How can we construct formulae of ionic
compounds based on their names or component
ions?
Progress check
P. 71 / 81
12. What are the colours of some common ions in
aqueous solutions?
13. Why are some gemstones coloured?
14. How can we investigate the migration of ions?
15. What is metallic bond?
16. How do metals conduct electricity?
Progress check
P. 72 / 81
Summary
1. Substances can be classified into conductors,
electrolytes and non-conductors in terms of
their electrical conductivity.
2. A chemical bond refers to the electrostatic
attraction that holds particles together. There
are three main types of chemical bonds,
namely, ionic bonds, covalent bonds and
metallic bonds.
P. 73 / 81
3. Atoms of elements other noble gases are
usually not stable. By gaining or losing
outermost shell electrons, these atoms can
attain the electronic arrangement of the nearest
noble gases. When an atom gains or loses one
or more electrons, an ion is produced.
4. A simple ion is derived from a single atom. A
polyatomic ion is derived from a group of
atoms. Positive ions (e.g. Na+, NH4+) are called
cations; negative ions (e.g. Cl–, MnO4–) are
called anions.
Summary
P. 74 / 81
5. Names and formulae of common cations are
listed in Table 7.2.
6. Names and formulae of common anions are
7. For metals in Groups I, II and III, the number
of positive charges on an ion is equal to its
group number.
8. For non-metals in Groups V, VI and VII, the
number of negative charges on an ion is
usually equal to ‘8 minus group number’.
Summary
P. 75 / 81
9. Ionic bond is the strong non-directional
electrostatic attraction between oppositely
charged ions.
10. When a metal atom (which tends to lose
electrons) and a non-metal atom (which tends to
gain electrons) combine, they do so by the
transfer of electrons, forming ions. The ions are
held together by ionic bonds. For example,
electron
transfer
2,8,1 2,8,7 2,8 2,8,8
Summary
P. 76 / 81
11. An ionic compound is a compound which
consists of ions. It is electrically neutral.

12. The formulae of ionic compounds can often be
predicted using a short-cut method:
a b
X Y  XbYa
(where a, b = ionic charge)
2+ 1−
e.g. Zn NO 3  Zn(NO3)2
Summary
P. 77 / 81
13. Colours of some ions in aqueous solutions are
14. Colours of some gemstones are due to traces of
coloured ions. Refer to Table 7.6.

15. Metallic bond is the electrostatic attraction
between a ‘sea’ of delocalized electrons and
metal ions.
Summary
P. 78 / 81
Concept map Electrostatic
attraction
Substances ( metallic
______ bond)
can be joined to one

another by
classified
into
Metal atoms
examples consist of
Non-conductors Electrolytes Conductors Metal
contain
IONS
P. 79 / 81
Simple ions
include
IONS
Polyatomic ions
_________
+ve charge −ve charge
Cations Anions
formed by formed by
Losing
_________ Gaining
_________
electron(s) electron(s)
Concept map
P. 80 / 81
Losing
_________ Gaining
_________
electron(s) electron(s)
held together by
Electrostatic
___________
forces
(ionic bond)
compounds are called
Ionic
_________
compounds
Concept map
P. 81 / 81

Ionic Bond

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Ionic Bond

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ionic Bond

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 7

Chemical bonding: ionic bonding and

Substances can be classified into:

7.1 Introducing chemical bonds

In the microscopic world, particles can be held

A chemical bond refers to the electrostatic

7.1 Introducing chemical bonds

Ionic bonds Metallic bonds

7.1 Introducing chemical bonds

Metallic bonds: found only in metals.

Covalent bonds: mainly found in non-metals and

7.1 Introducing chemical bonds

By gaining or losing outermost shell electrons,

When an atom gains or loses one or more

A metal atom has few outermost shell electrons

The easiest way is to lose these electrons,

7.2 Formation of ions from atoms

sodium atom Na sodium ion Na+

Get the electronic arrangement of a stable neon

7.2 Formation of ions from atoms

Na atom Na+ ion

7.2 Formation of ions from atoms

magnesium atom Mg magnesium ion Mg2+

Get the electronic arrangement of a stable neon

Skill corner 7.1

Mg atom Mg2+ ion

7.2 Formation of ions from atoms

A non-metal atom has more outermost shell

The easiest way is to gain electrons, forming an

7.2 Formation of ions from atoms

chlorine atom Cl chloride ion Cl

7.2 Formation of ions from atoms

Cl atom Cl− ion

7.2 Formation of ions from atoms

oxygen atom O oxide ion O2

O atom O2− ion

7.2 Formation of ions from atoms

A simple ion is derived from a single atom.

A polyatomic ion is derived from a group of

Examples of simple ions:

7.2 Formation of ions from atoms

ammonium ion hydroxide ion sulphate ion carbonate ion

7.2 Formation of ions from atoms

Class practice 7.2

7.2 Formation of ions from atoms

by its formula (plural: formulae).

7.3 Formulae of ions

7.3 Formulae of ions

All simple metal ions (e.g. Na+, Mg2+) are cations.

H+ and NH4+ are non-metal cations.

7.3 Formulae of ions

NH4+ is the only common polyatomic cation.

The same transition metal can form more than

To name each ion, a Roman numeral indicating

7.3 Formulae of ions

N3 nitride ion

7.3 Formulae of ions