CHAPTER 3:

PERPUATION
OF LIFE
REPRODUCTION
- Is the process by which animals produce offspring for
the purpose of continuing the species.
- Is a fundamental feature of all known life.
PLANT
REPRODUCTION
PLANT REPRODUCTION
the production of new individuals
or offspring in plants, which can be
accomplished by sexual
or asexual reproduction.
 For sexual and asexual
reproduction, plants need a male
and a female.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
 produces offspring by the fusion of gametes,
resulting in offspring genetically different from
the parent or parents. 

o A gamete (from Ancient
Greek γαμετή gamete from gamein "to marry")
is a cell that fuses with another cell
during fertilization(conception)
in organisms that sexually reproduce.
FLOWERING PLANTS
 are the dominant plant form on land
and they reproduce by sexual and
asexual means. Often their most
distinguishing feature is their
reproductive organs, commonly
called “flowers”. Sexual
reproduction in flowering plants
involves the production of male and
female gametes, the transfer of the
male gametes to the female ovules
in a process called ”pollination”.
FLOWERING PLANTS
 After pollination
occurs, fertilization happens and the
ovules grow into seeds within a fruit.
After the seeds are ready
for dispersal, the fruit ripens and by
various means the seeds are freed
from the fruit and after varying
amounts of time and under specific
conditions the seeds germinate and
grow into the next generation.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
 produces new individuals without
the fusion of gametes,
genetically identical to the
parent plants and each other,
except when mutations occur.
In seed plants, the offspring can
be packaged in a protective seed,
which is used as an agent of
dispersal.
EXAMPLE OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
 Vegetative reproduction is a type of asexual
reproduction for plants, and it is also called
vegetative propagation or vegetative multiplication.
ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
BIOTECHNOLOGY 
 is
the use of living systems and
organisms to develop or make
products, or "any technological
application that uses biological
systems, living organisms or
derivatives thereof, to make or
modify products or processes for
specific use" 
 BIOTECHNOLOGY HAS APPLICATIONS IN
FOUR MAJOR INDUSTRIAL AREAS including:

1. health care (medical),

2. crop production and agriculture,
3. non food (industrial) uses of crops
and other products (e.g. biodegradable
plastics, vegetable oil, biofuels), and
4. environmental uses.
 For example, one application of
biotechnology is the directed use
of organisms for the manufacture of
organic products (examples include
beer and milk products).
 Another example is using naturally
present bacteria by the mining
industry in bioleaching.
Biotechnology is also used to
recycle, treat waste, clean up sites
contaminated by industrial
activities (bioremediation), and
also to produce biological weapons.
EXAMPLES:

MEDICINE
 Inmedicine, modern biotechnology
finds applications in areas such
as pharmaceutical drug discovery and
production, pharmacogenomics, and
genetic testing (or genetic screening).
 PHARMACOGENOMICS (a combination
of pharmacology and genomics) is the
technology that analyses how genetic
makeup affects an individual's
response to drugs. It deals with the
influence of genetic variation on drug
response in patients by
correlating gene expression or single-
nucleotide polymorphisms with a
drug's efficacy or toxicity.
 By doing so, pharmacogenomics
aims to develop rational means to
optimize drug therapy, with respect
to the patients' genotype, to ensure
maximum efficacy with
minimal adverse effects.
 AGRICULTURE

 Genetically modified crops ("GM crops",

or "biotech crops") are plants used
in agriculture, the DNA of which has
been modified with genetic
engineering techniques. In most cases
the aim is to introduce a new trait to the
plant which does not occur naturally in
the species.
 Examples in food crops include resistance
to certain pests, diseases, stressful
environmental conditions, resistance to
chemical treatments (e.g. resistance to a
herbicide), reduction of spoilage, or
improving the nutrient profile of the
crop. Examples in non-food crops include
production of pharmaceutical agents,
biofuels, and other industrially useful
goods, as well as for bioremediation.
 INDUSTRIAL
 Industrial biotechnology (known mainly
in Europe as “white biotechnology”) is the
application of biotechnology for industrial
purposes, including industrial fermentation.
 It includes the practice of using cells such
as micro-organisms, or components of cells
like enzymes, to
generate industrially useful products in
sectors such as chemicals, food and feed,
detergents, paper and pulp, textiles
and biofuels.
 INDUSTRIAL
 In doing so, biotechnology uses
renewable raw materials and may
contribute to lowering greenhouse
gas emissions and moving away from
a petrochemical-based economy.
 The environment can be affected by biotechnologies,
both positively and adversely. Others have argued
that the difference between beneficial biotechnology
(e.g. bioremediation to clean up an oil spill or hazard
chemical leak) versus the adverse effects stemming
from biotechnological enterprises (e.g. flow of
genetic material from transgenic organisms into wild
strains) can be seen as applications and implications,
respectively.
ENVIRONMENTAL
 Cleaning up environmental
wastes is an example of an
application of environmental
biotechnology; whereas loss of
biodiversity or loss of
containment of a harmful
microbe are examples of
environmental implications of
biotechnology.
ENVIRONMENTAL
AND HEALTH
IMPACTS OF GM
CROPS
 EFFECTS ON

HEALTH
 In Australia, for example, GM peas were found
to cause allergenic reactions in mice. GM peas
also made the mice more sensitive to other
food allergies.
 Another, bacterium toxin in the blood of
pregnant women and their foetuses showing
that it can cross the placental boundary. This
raises health concerns, although the
implications of this uptake and transference
across the placenta are not yet known.