Transportation

of
substances
in
animals
and
plants
heart

 The heart is a myogenic muscular organ found in all animals with

a circulatory system (including all vertebrates), that is responsible
for pumping blood throughout the blood vessels by repeated,
rhythmic contractions.
 The vertebrate heart is composed of cardiac muscle, which is an
involuntary striated muscle tissue found only in this organ, and
connective tissue. The average human heart, beating at 72 beats
per minute, will beat approximately 2.5 billion times during an
average 66 year lifespan, and weighs approximately 250 to 300
grams (9 to 11 oz) in females and 300 to 350 grams (11 to 12 oz)
in males.[1]
 In invertebrates that possess a circulatory system, the heart is
typically a tube or small sac and pumps fluid that contains water
and nutrients such as proteins, fats, and sugars.
Arteries
 About Arteries
 THEY CARRY BLOOD AWAY FROM THE
HEART
 THEY ARE THICK – WALLED TUBES
 THEY ARE DEEPLY PLACED UNDER THE
SKIN AND BLOOD MOVES UNDER HIGH
PRESSURE
 THERE ARE NO VALVES INSIDE ARTRIES
VEINS
 ABOUT VEINS
 Arteries are tough, elastic tubes that carry
blood away from the heart. As the arteries
move away from the heart, they divide
into smaller vessels. The largest arteries
are about as thick as a thumb. The
smallest arteries are thinner than hair.
These thinner arteries are called
arterioles. Arteries carry bright red blood!
The color comes from the oxygen that it
carries.
EXCRETRY SYSTEM
 ABOUT EXCRETRY SYSTEM
 The excretory system is a passive biological system
that removes excess, unnecessary or dangerous
materials from an organism, so as to help maintain
homeostasis within the organism and prevent damage to
the body. It is responsible for the elimination of the
waste products of metabolism as well as other liquid and
gaseous wastes. As most healthy functioning organs
produce metabolic and other wastes, the entire
organism depends on the function of the system;
however, only the organs specifically for the excretion
process are considered a part of the excretory system.
 As it involves several functions that are only superficially
related, it is not usually used in more formal
classifications of anatomy or function.
CAPILLARIES
 ABOUT CAPILLARIES
 Blood flows from the heart to the arteries, which branch
and narrow into the arterioles, and then branch further
still into the capillaries. After the tissue has been
perfused, capillaries join and widen to become venules
and then widen more to become veins, which return
blood to the heart.
 Capillaries do not function on their own. The "capillary
bed" is an interweaving network of capillaries supplying
an organ. The more metabolically active the cells, the
more capillaries they will require to supply nutrients and
carry away waste products.
 A capillary bed can consist of two types of vessels: true
capillaries which branch mainly from metarterioles and
provide exchange between cells and the circulation.
Secondly, capillary beds also consists of a vascular shunt
which is a short vessel that directly connects the
arteriole and venule at opposite ends of the bed.
XYLEM AND PHLOEM
 ABOUT XYLEM
 The xylem is responsible for the transport of
water and soluble mineral nutrients from the
roots throughout the plant. It is also used to
replace water lost during transpiration and
photosynthesis. Xylem sap consists mainly of
water and inorganic ions, although it can contain
a number of organic chemicals as well. This
transport is not powered by energy spent by the
tracheary elements themselves, which are dead
by maturity and no longer have living contents.
Two phenomena cause xylem sap to flow:
 ABOUT PHLOEM
 Unlike xylem (which is composed primarily of dead
cells), the phloem is composed of still-living cells that
transport sap. The sap is a water-based solution, but
rich in sugars made by the photosynthetic areas.
These sugars are transported to non-photosynthetic
parts of the plant, such as the roots, or into storage
structures, such as tubers or bulbs.
 The Pressure flow hypothesis was a hypothesis
proposed by Ernst Munch in 1930 that explained the
mechanism of phloem translocation[2]. A high
concentration of organic substance inside cells of the
phloem at a source, such as a leaf, creates a diffusion
gradient that draws water into the cells