Objective

Investigations on mechanical
aspects of Road- for improving
understanding of Damages
under the influence of different
types of traffic movement and
suggesting the alternative
designs of roads for city lanes.
 HISTORY OF ROADS
HIGHWAY DESIGN AND TRAFFIC SAFETY ENGINEERING HANDBOOK BY RUIDIGER LAMN,BASIL PSARIANOSY
HIGHWAY DESIGN AND TRAFFIC SAFETY ENGINEERING HANDBOOK BY RUIDIGER LAMN,BASIL PSARIANOSY
 ROMAN ROAD STRUCTURE
HIGHWAY DESIGN AND TRAFFIC SAFETY ENGINEERING HANDBOOK BY RUIDIGER LAMN,BASIL PSARIANOSY
 History of Indian Brick Roads
NBM&CW, MGS Architecture, Indian Infrastructure & Tenders Week, India Construction Week

• At Fatehpur Sikri near Agra have revealed

that about 500 years back, hard stone
blocks set with lime mortar were used for
paving purposes at that time. The stone
used there for purposes of paving roads,
had a higher resistance to abrasion than
the local stone variety commonly used in
buildings near the site of excavations. The
importance attached to interlocking of
stones and wedge action for improved
strength and stability, is also evident from
the construction techniques adopted
then, as revealed by the excavations at
Fatehpur Sikri.
 REASONS OF FAILURE OF ROAD
• Fatigue
• Rutting
• Failure due to hydraulic pressure
• Failure due to binder stripping
• Poor drainage
 FATIGUE
• Traffic applies repetitive
load to the pavement
surface, and the cracks
start from bottom the
bound layer/ slab and
propagate upwards.
When the extent of
surface cracks reaches a
predefined level, the
pavement is said to have
failed due to flexural
fatigue.
 Dynamic Effects
Matti Huhtala,’ The Effect Of Wheel Loads On Pavements’

• The axle load of heavy vehicle vary by

±20%.
• The dynamic axle loads depend on the
evenness of the road and on the properties
of suspension and dampers.
• Dynamic axle loads may concentrate on
certain spots along a road.
• Some axles are overloaded and some are
under loaded.
• Px and Py are axle loads and Nx and Ny are
the corresponding number of load
applications.
Peak strains of single and dual tyre.
 RUTTING
• Rutting is the accumulation of
permanent deformation. This is
the manifestation of gradual
densification of pavement
layers, and shear displacement
of the sub grade.
• The vertical strains on the
pavement layers, mainly the
vertical strain on the subgrade
is assumed to be governing
factor for rutting failure.
 Failure due to hydraulic pressure

• vehicles passing over the

road pavement impart
considerable sudden
pressure on the water
present in the road
pavement, this pressure
forces the water further
into the road fabric and
breaks it up.
 Failure due to binder stripping

• Aggregates have a greater

affinity for water than
they do bitumen.
• Overheating of tar coal
reduces binding
properties(not more than
140 C).
 Poor drainage

• Surface drainage: cross slope of about 2% and

free from depressions, potholes and cracks.
• Subsurface drainage: GSB (Granular Sub Base,
consisting grave and sand mixed in defined
proportion)
• Inadequate drainage provision in the original
road pavement design
• Rise in water table thus weakening the road
pavement.
• Failure of the impervious nature of the surface
course
 Tyre Contact condition on pavement
• The normal force
is distributed
over the actual
contact area
rather than the
point just below
the center of the
wheel.
• On braking
condition of the
vehicle,the normal
stress and shear
stress varies as
shown in the figure.
 RIGID
PAVEMENT

FLEXIBLE
PAVEMENT
Effect Of changing
Seasons
It is important to
change the load limits
in spring when the sub
grade is the weakest.
 Vertical stress distribution
Matti Huhtala ‘The Effect Of Wheel Loads On Pavements’, Technical Research Centre of Finland (VIT), Finland
Road Damaging Effects Of Dynamic
Axle Loads
D.Cebon,University Of Cambridge.1985
• Total damage at any point depends on the
accumulated damage due to each wheel load.
• The peak loads will result from specific road
roughness therefore occur repeatedly in the same
general loacation(in the vicinity of roughness).
• Road damage increses with speed.Critical speeds are
9m/s to 27m/s.
• Road damage is proportion to fourth power of axle
load.
Shoulder condition of NH 2
• Weight of
empty truck is
12 Tonne.
• Weight of
fully loaded
truck is 40
Tonne.
 PRECAST CONCRETE SLABS
David K. Merritt, Design-Construction of a Precast, Prestressed Concrete Pavement for Interstate 10, El Monte, California

• High tensile strands are stretched between

abutments at each end of long casting beds.
Concrete is then poured into the forms encasing
the strands. As the concrete sets, it bonds to the
tensioned steel. When the concrete reaches a
specific strength, the strands are released from
the abutments. This compresses the concrete,
arches the member, and creates a built in
resistance to service loads.
Prestressed concrete pavement
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/concrete/pubs/if09008/if09008.pdfslab-
Prestressed Brick Pavement