VULCANIZATION OF

RUBBER

MOHAMMED SHABBAR (2017A1PS0827G)

SHUBAM JOSHI (2017A1PS0827G)
CONTENT

• HISTORY
• WHAT IS VULCANISATION OF RUBBER
• TYPES OF RUBBERS
• ADVANTAGES OF VULCANISATION
• TYPES OF ADDITIVES
• TYPES OF VULCANISATION
• HOW DOES VULCANIZATION CHANGE THE CHARACTER OF NATURAL RUBBERS?
REFERENCE
HISTORY OF VULCANIZATION

• VULCANIZATION OF RUBBER WAS DISCOVERED IN 1839 BY THE U.S.

INVENTOR CHARLES GOODYEAR.
• THOMAS HANCOCK (1786-1865),A SCIENTIST AND ENGINEER , WAS THE
FIRST TO PATENT VULCANIZATION OF RUBBER
• HANCOCK WAS AWARDED BRITISH PATENT ON MAY21,1844
• THREE WEEKS LATER ON JUNE15 ,1844 GOODYEAR WAS AWARDED A
PATENT IN UNITED STATES
 WHAT IS VULCANIZATION OF RUBBER ?

• VULCANIZATION OF RUBBER IS A PROCESS OF IMPROVEMENT OF THE

RUBBER ELASTISITY AND STRENGTH BY HEATING IT IN THE PRESENCE OF
SULFUR, WHICH RESULTS IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL CROSS-LINKING OF
THE CHAIN RUBBER MOLECULES (POLYISOPRENE) BONDED TO EACH
OTHER BY SULFUR ATOMS
TYPES OF RUBBERS

Natural rubber is produced from latex - milky emulsion drawn from the rubber tree
(Hevea brasiliensis) or some other plants. When coagulated latex transforms into
soft, plastic and sticky substance (crude rubber), which is then vulcanized
(cured). Natural rubber is composed of polyisoprene molecules.

Synthetic rubbers are Elastomers, elastic properties of which are similar to

those of the natural rubber. Synthetic rubber may have chemical composition
similar to the natural rubber (synthetic polyisoprene). Other kinds of synthetic
rubbers are: polybutadiene, poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene), 
polychloroprene (Neoprene), polyisobutylene (Butyl rubber), silicone.
ADVANTAGES OF VULCANIZATION

It has good tensile strength and extensibility.

It has excellent resilience & returns to the original shape, when the
deforming load is removed.
It possesses low water absorption tendency.
It has higher resistance to oxidation, wear and tear abrasion.
It is better electrical insulator.
It is resistant to organic solvents (petro, benzene), fats and oils.
It has slight tackiness.
It has useful temperature range of -40.C to 100.C

•;
TYPES OF ADDITIVES

THERE ARE DIFFERENT KIND OF ADDITIVES USED IN RUBBER WHILE

VULCANIZATION.

ACCELERATORS

ACTIVATORS
ACCELERATORS

• THESE ARE THE CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES USED IN A VULCANIZATION PROCESS TO REDUCE THE
CURING TIME OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION OF ELASTOMERS DURING VULCANIZATION AND IT HAS
IMPROVED THE PROPERTY OF VULCANISATES

TYPE OF ACCELERATORS (ON THE BASIS OF VULCANIZATION RATE)

• SLOW
• MEDIUM
• FAST
• ULTRAFAST
ACTIVATORS

ACTIVATORS ARE COMPOUNDS ABLE TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF THE ACCELERATORS

TYPES OF ACTIVATORS

• ZINC OXIDE (ZNO) IS THE MOST KNOWN VULCANIZING ACTIVATOR AND IT CAN BE USED
ALONG WITH THE MAJORITY OF KNOWN ACCELERATORS

• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (MGO) IS MAINLY USE TO THE VULCANIZATION OF THE NEOPRENE

TYPE ELASTOMERS.
TYPES OF VULCANIZATION

SULPHUR VULCANIZATION

• IT IS USUALLY USED FOR CURING OF UNSATURATED ELASTOMERS

• IT USES A SULPHUR POWDER AS VULCANIZING AGENT
PEROXIDE VULCANIZATION

• IN PEROXIDE VULCANIZATION ORGANIC PEROXIDE SUCH AS DICUMYL

PEROXIDE,
BENZOYLPEROXIDE, ZINC PEROXIDE ARE USED AS CURING AGENT
• THESE PEROXIDE DOES NOT ENTER INTO POLYMER BUT GENERATE A
FREE RADICALS WHICH FORMED C-C LINKAGE WITH ADJACENT POLYMER
CHAIN
• IT IS APPLICABLE TO BOTH SATURATED AND UNSATURATED RUBBERS
BENEFITS OF PEROXIDE VULCANIZATION

• IT IS APPLICABLE TO BOTH SATURATED AND UNSATURATED RUBBER

• TRANSPARENT PRODUCT OBTAINED DUE TO ABSENCE OF SULPHUR
• PRODUCT IS MORE STABLE THAN SULPHUR VULCANIZED PRODUCT
,BECAUSE C-C BOND IS MORE STABLE THAN SULPHUR BOND
• NO CROSS LINKED REVERSION
HOW DOES VULCANIZATION CHANGE THE
CHARACTER OF NATURAL RUBBERS?

• THE PROCESS CROSS-LINKS THE POLYMER CHAINS IN NATURAL RUBBER,

RESULTING IN A TOUGHER, MORE RESILIENT SUBSTANCE. IT INVOLVES
ADDING SULFUR TO NATURAL RUBBER AT AN ELEVATED TEMPERATURE.
THE RESULTING CHEMICAL REACTIONS CREATE BONDS BETWEEN THE
POLYMER CHAINS AND IMPROVE MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS SUCH AS
ABRASION RESISTANCE, FLEXURAL STRENGTH AND TENSILE STRENGTH.
• THE PROCESS WAS DEVELOPED IN THE 1830S WITH SEVERAL INVENTORS
CLAIMING PRIMACY. VARIOUS ACCOUNTS OF AN ACCIDENTAL
‘DISCOVERY’ OF THE PROCESS HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED BUT THEY SEEM
OF QUESTIONABLE AUTHENTICITY.
 REFERENCE

• GOOGLE