RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT

PROTECTION
 REF PROTECTION

REF PROTECTION IS TO DETECT

INTERNAL EARTH FAULTS IN
AC MACHINES LIKE GENERATORS &
TRANSFORMERS
ZONE OF
PROTECTION
 REF PROTECTION

WHY NORMAL E/F IS INADEQUATE ?

CTs OF NORMAL E/F RELAY WILL NOT SENSE

FAULT IN THE INTERNAL ZONE SINCE
FAULT CURRENT WILL NOT PASS THROUGH
THEM

HENCE A SEPATE REF SCHEME IS REQUIRED

TO DETECT INTERNAL E/F
ZONE OF
PROTECTION
R

FAULT A

RELAY

N
 ZONE OF
PROTECTION
R

FAULT B

RELAY

N
 REF PROTECTION

FAULT A (EXTERNAL) FAULT B (INTERNAL)

FAULT CURRENT FLOWS FAULT CURRENT FLOWS

THROUGH Y PHASE CT & THROUGH NUETRAL CT
NUETRAL CT N. N ONLY.

NO FAULT CURRENT RELAY SEES A CURRENT

FLOWS IN THE RELAY WHICH IS DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN THE VECTORIAL
RELAY WILL NOT TRIP SUM OF RYB AND THE
FAULT CURRENT
THROUGH N

RELAY WILL TRIP

 REF PROTECTION

STABILISING RESISTOR FOR REF RELAYS

- SINCE REF RELAY HAS TO SENSE A

SMALL DIFFERENCE IN CURRENT AND TRIP,
IT WILL HAVE A LOW PICK UP SETTING.

- WHEN PICK UP SETTING IS LOW, RELAY MAY

PICK UP DUE TO SMALL DIFFERENCES
IN CT CHARACTERISTICS MISMATCH.

- TO AVOID THIS PROBLEM A

STABILISING RESISTOR IS USED IN ALL
REF RELAYS
 REF PROTECTION

CALCULATION OF STABILISING RESISTOR Rst

- VALUE OF Rst SHOULD BE SUCH THAT

VOLTAGE DEVELOPED ACROSS THE RELAY
UNDER MAX THROUGH FAULT CONDITIONS,
IS INSUFFICIENT TO OPERATE THE RELAY.

- REFER THE DIAGRAM OF THROUGH FAULT

CT Y HAS SATURATED
V= If * (Rct+Rl))/N

- V SHOULD NOT CAUSE A CURRENT WHICH WILL

OPERATE RELAY
 ZONE OF
PROTECTION
R

FAULT A

V= (If * (Rct+Rl))/N Rst RELAY

WHERE
N V
If = MAX. PRIMARY
THROUGH FAULT CURRENT
N = CT RATIO
Rct = CT WINDING RESISTANCE
Rl = LEAD RESISTANCE (RELAY TO CT)
 REF PROTECTION

CALCULATION OF STABILISING RESISTOR Rst

1. PICK UP SETTING IN THE RELAY 10%

RELAY OPERATING CURRENT 0.1A

THERE ARE 4 CTs IN PARALLEL

CT RATIO 3000

KNEE PONT VOLTAGE OF CT 160

MAX THROUGH FAULT CURRENT 36KA
 REF PROTECTION

CALCULATION OF THROUGH FAULT CURRENT

IF ON THE CT PRIMARY SIDE

KVA RATING OF TRANSFORMER 1600

VOLTAGE RATING 11000 / 415 V
% IMPEDANCE 6.25

KVA 1600000
IF (Sy SIDE) = =
1.732 X 415 X Z% 718.78 X .0625

= 36 KA
 REF PROTECTION

CALCULATION OF STABILISING RESISTOR Rst

2. Rst SHOULD BE SELECTED IN SUCH A WAY

UNDER THROUGH FAULT CONDITIONS,
THE RELAY DOES NOT SEE A VOLTAGE
SUFFICIENT ENOUGH TO TRIP

LET US ASSUME THAT ONE CT HAS

SATURATED FULLY UNDER THROUGH
FAULT CONDITIONS (WORST CASE)

LET US ASSUME THAT WHOLE OF PRIMARY

CURRENTS ARE PERFECTLY TRANSFORMED
INTO SECONDARY IN THE REMAINING CTs.
 REF PROTECTION

CALCULATION OF STABILISING RESISTOR Rst

UNDER THESE CONDITIONS :

Vr = If ( Rct +Rl)/N
= 36000 (3+0.15)/3000 = 38V
 REF PROTECTION
CALCULATION OF STABILISING RESISTOR Rst

NOTE THAT AT THIS VOLTAGE Vr , THE CURRENT

THROUGH RELAY SHOULD BE LESS THAN OR
EQUAL TO PICK UP CURRENT.

THIS MEANS THAT R = Vr/0.1= 38 /0.1 = 380 OHMS

WHERE R = Rst+RELAY IMPEDANCE

RELAY IMPEDANCE = RELAY BURDEN / (Is*Is)

= 0.9/0.01=90 ohms

Rst = 380 - 90 = 290 OHMS