TRAFOPRO

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
What should you know ?
1. Construction details of transformer

2. Ratings of transformer
3. Faults in a transformer
4. Protection philosophy
5. Relay List for Protection
What is a transformer ?
- A device which transfers electrical energy

from one system to another system
- accepts energy at one voltage and delvers the same at

another voltage
- important link in power transmission
- helps in reduction of line losses

What is inside a transformer ?
- Core
- Primary Winding
- Secondary Winding
TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
Py and Sy windings are connected

in the following waysCore
- Wye – Wye ( Star-Star)
- Wye – Delta ( Star – Delta)
- Delta – Wye (Delta – Star)
- Delta – Delta
- Auto
- Zig - Zag
Three Phase Transformer Connections

-Letter D is for Delta

-Letter Y is for Star
-Capital letter denotes Py
-Small letter denoteds Sy
DY11 means Py is Delta, Sy is Styar

Sy leads Py by 30 degrees
Yd1 means Py is Star, Sy is Delta

Sy lags Py by 30 degrees
Dy7 means Py is Delta, Sy is Star

Sy leads Py by 150 degrees
Ratings of a Transformer
1. Power Out Put kVA / MVA

2. Primary Voltage Vp
3. Primary Current Ip
4. Secondary Voltage Vs
5. Secondary Current Is
6. Percentage Impedance Z
Faults in a Transformer
1. Internal Faults
2. External faults
3. Auxiliary Faults
External Faults
Transformer Internal Faults
External Faults
Auxiliary Faults
- Mainly related to the Tank, Oil, etc

- Detection by Pressure Switches / Temp. Switches
- Linked with the trip circuit logic
Protection Philosophy
1. Main Protection (Internal Faults)

Transformer 2. Back up Protection ( External faults)
3. Location
4. Size
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION PHILOSOPHY
PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS

SECONDARY SIDE PROTECTIONS
COMBINED PROTECTIONS
AUXILIARY PROTECTIONS
EXTERNAL FAULTS
OVER CURRENT
EARTH FAULT
UNBALANCE
THERMAL OVERLOAD
BREAKER FAILURE
27 59
50 51 50N 51N
Less than 1 MVA

External Faults
50/51 IDMT Over Current

50N/51N IDMT Earth Fault
27 Under Voltage
59 Over Voltage
50 51 50N 51N
27 59
50 51 50N 51N 49 46
External Faults

27 Under Voltage
59 Over Voltage
49 Thermal Over Load
46 Current Unbalance
50 51 50N 51N
27 59 24
50 51 50N 51N 49 46
More than 10 MVA
External Faults

27 Under Voltage
59 Over Voltage
49 Thermal Over Load
46 Current Unbalance
24 Over Fluxing
50 51 50N 51N

OVER CURRENT / EARTH FAULT PROTECTION
LOW SET
HIGH SET
HIGHSET DOUBLING
THIRD HARMONIC FILTER


O/C +E/F PROTECTION – LOW SET
- Pick up levels 50 to 200%

- Inverse time characteristics
- Time Multiplier Setting
- Voltage Restrained O/C
- Directional O/C
- Blocking Contact

Pick up setting Low set % of CT

Highset Rating
Time delay setting Definite time TMS

Setting
Inverse time

Pick up settings ----- 50 % to 200 %
Time delays ……

Definite Time
Trip Time delay
Inverse Time
Definite time
-Direct reading
-Setting represents time delay in sec

O/C +E/F PROTECTION – LOW SET- Inverse Time
-Is not a direct reading

-Is defined by TMS setting and inverse time curve specification
-TMS setting is a number which can vary

from 0.1 to 1 in EM relays and
from 0.5 to 2 ( in steps of 0.05) in Numerical relays
-Inverse time curves are traditionally identified as :

1.3 sec curve or 3 sec curve

The actual time delay :

The time identity of curve selected ( like 1.3 / 3 sec)
is the time delay when the fault current is
10 times the set value provided the TMS setting =1
Acual time delay for a give fault level ( I/Is) =
TMS x Time delay as per the Curve ID at the fault level


1.3 or
3.0 sec
50 msec
1.4 6 10
I/Is
LS HS

O/C +E/F PROTECTION – LOW SET- Typical Inverse Times
TMS=1
I/Is=2 I/Is=4 I/Is=6 Is=8 I/Is=10 I/Is=15 I/Is=20
Normal Inv 3 sec 10.13 5.03 3.87 3.33 3 2.54 2.29
Normal Inv 1.3 sec 4.39 2.18 1.68 1.44 1.3 1.1 .99
Very Inverse 13.5 4.5 2.7 1.93 1.5 .96 .71
Extremely Inverse 26.66 5.33 2.28 1.27 0.81 0.36 0.20


The actual time delay :

The time identity of curve selected ( like 1.3 / 3 sec)
is the time delay when the fault current is
10 times the set value provided the TMS setting =1
Acual time delay for a give fault level ( I/Is) =
TMS x Time delay as per the Curve ID at the fault level


O/C +E/F PROTECTION – HIGH SET
- Instantaneous trip
- Time delayed high set

High set Doubling

For Transformer feeders

3rd Harmonic Filter for

Earth Fault circuits

O/C +E/F PROTECTION – Voltage Restrained O/C
FAULT AWAY FROM TERMINALS

(PLAIN O/C PROTECTION)
FAULT CLOSE TO TERMINALS

(VOLTAGE DEPENDENT O/C)

- WHEN O/C FAULT, TERMINAL VOLTAGE REDUCES.

- RELAY MAY NOT TRIP, SINCE FAULT CURRENT
THROUGH RELAY MAY BE LESS THAN SET POINT
NECESSARY TO VARY THE O/C PICK UP SETTING

WITH RESPECT TO VOLTAGE

VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OVER CURRENT
HAS TWO TRIP CHARACTERISTICS
THE TERMINAL VOLTAGE DECIDES

WHICH CHARCTERISTIC WILL BE
FOLLOWED BY THE RELAY WHEN
A FAULT OCCURS

VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OVER CURRENT
Pick up level
I>
kI >
Voltage Level
Vs >

I*/ [I>]
1.0
0.2
0.2 0.8 1.0 V/Vs

Directional O/C Relay

GRID INCOMER
TRANSFORMER
REVERSE POWER RELAY

LOW FORWARD POWER RELAY
UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY
DIRECTIONAL O/C + E/F RELAY

   
dF/dT RELAY
UNDER FREQ. RELAY
DG
OVER FREQ. RELAY PLANT
VECTOR SURGE RELAY LOADS

UNBALANCE PROTECTION – LOW & HIGH SET
Causes for Unbalance

Effects of Unbalance

UNBALANCE PROTECTION
 

    
PLANT
LOADS

THERMAL OVERLOAD PROTECTION
1.4 6 10 I/Is
1.05 LS HS
LS
EXTERNAL FAULTS
SECONDARY SIDE PROTECTIONS
OVER CURRENT
EARTH FAULT
EXTERNAL FAULTS
BREAKER FAILURE PROTECTIONS
Concept of :
Starter Contact
Internal timer
Blocking time
NUMERICAL RELAYS
DSP
Calculated parameters
Last Trip data – with Time stamping
Event log
Waveform Capture
RS485 Communication
Self Dignostic
ADVANTAGES OF NUMERICAL RELAYS
PARAMETER NUMERIC CONVENTIONAL
ACCURACY 1% 5% / 7.5%
BURDEN < 0.5 VA > 5 VA
SETTING RANGES WIDE LIMITED
MULTI FUNCTIONALITY YES NO
SIZE SMALL LARGE
FIELD PROGRAMMABILITY YES NO
PARAMETER DISPLAY YES NO
SYSTEM FLEXILBILITY YES NO
CO-ORDINATION TOOLS MANY TWO
COMMUNICATION YES NO
REMOTE CONTROL YES NO
SPECIAL ALGORITHMS MANY LIMITED
SPECIAL PROTECTIONS YES NO
SELF DIAGNOSTICS YES NO
DIS-ADVANTAGES OF NUMERIC RELAYS
SOFTWARE INTENSIVE
OBSOLESENCE RATE
EMI / EMC PROBLEMS
SERIAL NATURE
RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT

PROTECTION
RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION
REF PROTECTION IS TO DETECT

INTERNAL EARTH FAULTS IN
AC MACHINES LIKE GENERATORS &
TRANSFORMERS
Any fault in zone A, will cause

Circulating currents within
the zone – currents will not reach
the CTs near breaker
Fault in Zone A can not be

Detected by O/C + E/F relays
Separate scheme – REF –

is necessary
REF relay should trip for

Internal fault
REF relay should not trip

For external fault
STABILISING RESISTOR FOR REF RELAYS
-CT sy impedances may not be equal

-Lead wires may not be equal
-CT errors may not be equal
-CTs may sturate differently
REF PROTECTION
CALCULATION OF STABILISING RESISTOR Rst
- VALUE OF Rst SHOULD BE SUCH THAT

VOLTAGE DEVELOPED ACROSS THE RELAY
UNDER MAX THROUGH FAULT CONDITIONS,
IS INSUFFICIENT TO OPERATE THE RELAY.
- REFER THE DIAGRAM OF THROUGH FAULT

CT Y HAS SATURATED
V= If * (Rct+Rl))/N
- V SHOULD NOT CAUSE A CURRENT WHICH WILL

OPERATE RELAY
COMBINED PROTECTIONS
DIFFERENTIAL
OVERFLUXING
NEUTRAL MONITORING
UNDER / OVER VOLTAGE
UNDER / OVER FREQUENCY
POWER MANAGEMENT
LOAD SHEDDING
COMBINED PROTECTIONS – DIFFERENTIAL
More than 1 MVA

Internal Faults
87
87 Differential fault
64 Restricted Earth Fault
64

Should trip for an internal fault.

Trip time is always instantaneous.
Should not trip for an external fault.

Differential Protection
I1
Id = Relay Pick up setting
Relay will trip if

I1 – I2 > Id
87
Notes :
I2 Under Normal conditions
(when machine is on load)
I1=I2 Id=0, Relay will not trip.
I1
Relay will trip if

I1 – I2 > Id
87
Notes :
I2 Under External fault conditions
I1 = I2, Id= 0 ????????????
Relay will not trip.
I1
Relay will trip if

I1 – I2 > Id
87
Notes :
I2 Under Internal fault conditions
I2=0, I1-I2 = I1, Id= IL
Relay will trip.
CT CORE CHARACTERISTIC
B1
Notes :
B2
For same H,
CT1 can be at B1
B
CT2 can be at B2
H ( Proportional I1 or I2)
Effect of CT Mis-match
Under an External fault ( through fault ),

Even when the primary side currents of the CTs are same,
The secondary currents I1 & I2 of the CTs will not be same

since CT1 is at B1 and CT2 is at B2
This may result in an unwanted differential current Id

and the relay will trip for a through fault.
Problems of a simple differential relay
Spurious trippings at :
Inrush
Tap change
Load throw off
Through fault
Characteristics of a simple differential relay
Id
0.15
Average Current I.
DIFFERENTIAL
1. PERCENTAGE BIASED
2. DUAL SLOPE
3. DISPLAYS OF Id
4. VECTOR/AMPLITUDE
COMPENSATION (W/O ICTs)
5. 2ND HARMONIC RESTRAINT
6. 5TH HARMONIC RESTRAINT
7. WAVE FORM CAPTURE
8. INBUILT REF
Characteristics of a simple differential relay
Id
0.15
P1 P2 Average Current I.
Over Fluxing Protection

• Grid transformers
Usually only a problem during run-up or shut down, but
can be caused by loss of load / load shedding etc.
Flux   V/ f
• Generator transformers
• Effects of overfluxing :
– Increase in magnetising current
– Increase in winding temperature
– Increase in noise and vibration
– Overheating of laminations and metal parts (caused
by stray flux)
Over Fluxing ….
• CAUSES
– Low frequency
– High voltage
– Geomagnetic disturbances
• EFFECTS
– Tripping of differential element (Transient overfluxing)
– Damage to transformers (Prolonged overfluxing)
Over Fluxing Protection
2m
m
Ie
VOLTAGE, FREQUENCY & NEUTRAL MONITORING

- Large Transformers
THREE PH O/V & U/V

THREE PH O/F & U/F
ZERO SEQUENCE VOLTAGE 2 LEVELS
OVER FLUXING 2 LEVELS
VOLTAGE UNBALANCE 2 LEVELS
VECTOR SURGE OPTION
NO NEED FOR OPEN DELTA PT

NEUTRAL MONITORING - Distribution Transformers
Voltage
V>Low Set
V>High Set
Current
I>Low Set
I>High Set
Voltage Input – Neutral PT or Zero Seq. Voltage

Current Input – Neutral CT Display V & I
Max – Min Values
Time stamping
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
1 Ph.
SEB Supply MCCB Energy
1Ph. 240 V AC Load
Meter
Contactor
Distribution
Relay
Distribution relay- Features
Micro Controller Based

No settings in field
3 pick up levels
Auto Restore
Measurement Accuracy
Timing Accuracy
Expandable Platform
Suitable for domestic applications also

Distribution relay- Settings
240 V Normal, No trip

270 V 75 to 85 millisec
FUNCTIONS :
U/O FREQUENCY - 2 LEVELS
U/O VOLTAGE - 2 LEVELS
POWER FACTOR CONTROL - 1 LEVEL

Q/P - 1 LEVEL
FORWARD ACTIVE POWER(U/O) - 2 LEVELS

REVERSE ACTIVE POWER (U/O) - 2 LEVELS
FORWARD CAP. REACTIVE POWER(U/O) - 2 LEVELS

REVERSE CAP. REACTIVE POWER (U/O) - 2 LEVELS
FORWARD IND. REACTIVE POWER(U/O) - 2 LEVELS

REVERSE IND. REACTIVE POWER (U/O) - 2 LEVELS
MAXIMUM DEMAND RECORDINGS

BLOCKING LOGIC MATRIX
Load Shedding
Time Based - Fixed or Cyclic
Based on dF/dT
dF / dT Relays
Rate of Change of frequency
Concept of evaluation cycles
Logic with U/F or O/F

POWER FACTOR MANAGEMENT ……
Avoid Low PF Penalty
-Use of reactors with cap. Banks

-PF Control Relay
-Selection of Cap. Banks
-CT Connections ( Loation, Polarity)
-Faulty Bank Protection
-Ave. PF Alarm
AUXILIARY PROTECTIONS
TEMPERATURE
PRESSURE
LEVEL
VIBRATION
TRIP CIRCUIT SUPERVISION
PT FUSE FAILURE

RECOMMENDATIONS
Less than 1 MVA O/C + E/F + O/V + U/V+REF
1 MVA to 10MVA O/C + E/f + Th. O/L + UNBAL

O/V + U/V + REF
10 MVA & ABOVE O/C + E/f + Th. O/L + UNBAL

O/V + U/V + REF+
DIFFEERENTIAL+
NEUTRAL SHIFT +
OVER FLUXING
PROTECTIVE RELAYS -
RS485 COMMUNICATION
RS485 Converter
RELAY /
I-Mux Unit
METER
PC System
RS 485
RS 422 HT SWITCHGEAR
MC61C /
ER300P
RS 485
LT SWITCHGEAR MV SWITCHGEAR

TRAFOPRO

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TRAFOPRO

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TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

What should you know ?

1. Construction details of transformer

- A device which transfers electrical energy

- accepts energy at one voltage and delvers the same at

- important link in power transmission

- helps in reduction of line losses

What is inside a transformer ?

Py and Sy windings are connected

Three Phase Transformer Connections

-Letter D is for Delta

DY11 means Py is Delta, Sy is Styar

Yd1 means Py is Star, Sy is Delta

Dy7 means Py is Delta, Sy is Star

1. Power Out Put kVA / MVA

Transformer Internal Faults

- Mainly related to the Tank, Oil, etc

1. Main Protection (Internal Faults)

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION PHILOSOPHY

PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS

Less than 1 MVA

50/51 IDMT Over Current

50/51 IDMT Over Current

50/51 IDMT Over Current

PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS

THIRD HARMONIC FILTER

PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS

- Pick up levels 50 to 200%

PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS

Pick up setting Low set % of CT

Time delay setting Definite time TMS

PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS

Pick up settings ----- 50 % to 200 %

PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS

PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS

-Is not a direct reading

-TMS setting is a number which can vary

-Inverse time curves are traditionally identified as :

PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS

The actual time delay :

Acual time delay for a give fault level ( I/Is) =

TMS x Time delay as per the Curve ID at the fault level

PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS

PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS

I/Is=2 I/Is=4 I/Is=6 Is=8 I/Is=10 I/Is=15 I/Is=20

Normal Inv 3 sec 10.13 5.03 3.87 3.33 3 2.54 2.29

Very Inverse 13.5 4.5 2.7 1.93 1.5 .96 .71

Extremely Inverse 26.66 5.33 2.28 1.27 0.81 0.36 0.20

PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS

The actual time delay :

Acual time delay for a give fault level ( I/Is) =

TMS x Time delay as per the Curve ID at the fault level

PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS

PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS

High set Doubling

PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS

3rd Harmonic Filter for

PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS

FAULT AWAY FROM TERMINALS

FAULT CLOSE TO TERMINALS

PRIMARY SIDE PROTECTIONS

- WHEN O/C FAULT, TERMINAL VOLTAGE REDUCES.

NECESSARY TO VARY THE O/C PICK UP SETTING