DETERMINING

EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT

INFORMATION
EXPLICIT INFORMATION
is clearly written and explained in the text
so that the reader will not be confused
If something is explicit it is in the text -
there is evidence that you can point to
it can be a fact or an opinion, but it is there
in black and white
• For example the text says "George
did not like dogs and had never
owned one."
EXAMPLE
1 The pet shop in the mall is a depressing place. 2 A display window attracts passersby
who stare at the prisoners penned inside. 3 In the right-hand side of the window, two
puppies press their forepaws against the glass and attempt to lick the human hands
that press from the outside. 4 A cardboard barrier separates the dogs from several
black-and-white kittens piled together in the opposite end of the window. 5 Inside the
shop, rows of wire cages line one wall from top to bottom. 6 At first, it is hard to tell
whether a bird, hamster, gerbil, cat, or dog is locked inside each cage. 7 Only an
occasional movement or clawing, shuffling sound tells visitors that living creatures are
inside. 8 Running down the center of the store is a line of large wooden perches that
look like coat racks. 9 When customers pass by, the parrots and mynahs chained to
these perches flutter their clipped wings in a useless attempt to escape. 10 At the end
of this center aisle is a large plastic tub of dirty, stagnant-looking water containing a
few motionless turtles. 11 The shelves against the left-hand wall are packed with all
kinds of pet-related items. 12 The smell inside the entire shop is an unpleasant mixture
of strong chemical deodorizers, urine-soaked newspapers, and musty sawdust. 13
Because so many animals are crammed together, the normally pleasant, slightly milky
smell of the puppies and kittens is sour and strong. 14 The droppings inside the
uncleaned birdcages give off a dry, stinging odor. 15 Visitors hurry out of the shop,
anxious to feel fresh air and sunlight. 16 The animals stay on.
IMPLICIT INFORMATION
is something that is implied, but not
stated outright in the text. The writer’s
ideas are not explicitly stated. For
his/her intentions to be revealed, the
writer merely uses clues, hints, words,
or symbols to point out her point.
• For you to understand and
unearth the writer’s “concealed”
information in a text, you have
to make an inference.
If something is implied (or implicit)
it is being suggested by the text.
For example: the text says "George moved
away from the dog, he'd
never owned one."
 INFERENCE
n. The reasoning involved in
drawing a conclusion or making
a logical judgment on the basis
of circumstantial evidence and
prior conclusions rather than on
the basis of direct observation
If something is implied (or
implicit)
it is being suggested by the
text.
For example: the text says
"George
moved away from the dog,
Another example:
With a lean built, broad, muscular, and
reliable
shoulders, tall stature, and a majestic face --
thick volume of platinum-blonde lashes
rivalling the color of his wavy and soft hair,
tall,
proud nose, and eyes on the deep shade of
electric blue, Hethan Asril was used on getting
what he wants.
IMPLICIT INFORMATION EXAMPLE:
National strength can only be built on character. A nation is nothing more
nor less than its citizenry. It is the people that make up the nation and,
therefore, it cannot be stronger that its component parts. Their weakness is
its failings, their strength is power. Show me a people composed of
vigorous, sturdy individuals, of men and women healthy in mind and body;
courteous, brave, industrious, self-reliant; purposeful in thought as well as
in action; imbued with sound patriotism and a profound sense of
righteousness; with high social ideals and a strong moral fiber; and I will
show you a great nation, a nation that will not be submerged, a nation that
will emerge victorious from the trials and bitter strifes of a distracted world,
a nation that will live forever, sharing the common task of advancing the
welfare and promoting the happiness of mankind.
The strength of a nation is founded on the character of its people.
CLAIMS
-an important skill that is needed in
critical reading: the skill to evaluate the
claims of an author
- When we define claims, we refer on the
text and recognize the writer’s
arguments (claims) and evidence so that
we can judge the writer’s work.
• A single statement
• The topic of an argument
• Not a question
• Phrased against the status quo
• The central argument or thesis statement of the
text. It is what the writer tries to prove in the
text providing details, explanations, and other
types of evidences.
THREE TYPES OF CLAIMS

• Claim of Fact
• Claim of Value
• Claim of Policy
CLAIM OF FACT
state a quantifiable assertion, or a measurable
topic
- assert that something has existed, exists, or will
exist based on some data
- rely on reliable sources or systematic
procedures to be validated
- usually answer a “what” question
- Is the Statement of something that has
existed(past), exist(present) or will exist(future).
Examples:
1.The oldest known disease in
the world is leprosy”.
2. The death penalty does not
deter crime.
CLAIM OF VALUE
- assert something that can be qualified
- consists of arguments about moral, philosophical or aesthetic
topics
- always prove that some values are more or less desirable
compared to others
- attempt to explain how problems, situations, or issues ought to
be valued
- Based on the preferences such as like or dislike ( good or bad).
Example
1.The GSW is the best
team in NBA.
2. Capitol punishment is
unjust.
CLAIM OF POLICY
- specific actions should be chosen as solutions
to a particular problem
- KEYWORDS: “should,” “ought to,” and/or
“must”
- usually answer “HOW” questions
- Is a statement that indicate an action must be
taken in specific policies
Example
1.Congress should pass the dream
act.
2.The Death penalty should be
abolish in Illinois.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
CLAIMS
1. A claim should be argumentative
and debatable.
2. A claim should be specific and
focused.
3. A claim should be interesting and
engaging.
4. A claim should be Logical.