Art. 355.

Libel means by writings or

similar means. 
Libel may be committed by:
1. Writing;
2. Printing;
3. Lithography;
4. Engraving;
5. Radio;
6. Phonograph;
7. Painting;
8. Theatrical exhibition;
9. Cinematographic exhibition; or
10. Any similar means.
Defamation through amplifiers is not libel,
but oral defamation
(People v. Santiago, G.R. No. L-
17663, May 30, 1962).
 Art. 356.
Threatening to publish and offer to
present such publication for a
compensation. 
Punishable acts under this Article

1. Threatening another to publish a libel

concerning him, or his parents, spouse, child, or
other members of his family; and
2. Offering to prevent the publication of such
libel for compensation, or money consideration.
U.S. v. Eguia, et. al., 38 Phil. 857
The accused threatened to publish in a weekly periodical, certain
letters, amorous in nature, written by a married woman and
addressed by her to a man, not her husband, unless paid P4,000 to
them.
Blackmail
Any unlawful extortion of money by threats of accusation or
exposure (US v. Eguia., 38 Phil. 857).
Felonies where blackmail is committed
1. Light threats; and (Art. 283)
2. Threatening to publish, or offering to prevent the publication of,
a libel for compensation.
(Art. 356)
 Art. 357. Prohibited
publication of acts referred to
in the course of official
proceedings.
Elements

1. That the offender is a reporter, editor or manager of

a newspaper daily or magazine;
2. That he publishes facts connected with the private
life of another; and
3. That such facts are offensive to the honor, virtue
and reputation of said person.
Gag Law
Newspaper reports on cases pertaining to adultery, divorce, issues
about the legitimacy of children, etc., will necessarily be barred
from publication. (Reyes, 2012).

Under R.A No. 1477, a newspaper reporter cannot be compelled

to reveal the source of the news report he made, unless the court
or a House or committee of Congress finds that such revelation is
demanded by the security of the state (Reyes, 2012).