Artificial Intelligence

On one hand, it may help cure cancer and let robots rather than humans fight
wars; on the other, doctors and lawyers may be out of a job.

By Hareth Hameed VIII-C

Artificial Intelligence -Introduction

 WE MAY NOT be aware of it, but machine learning is already an integral part
of our daily lives, from the product choices that Amazon offers us to the
surveillance of our data by the National Security Agency. Few of us
understand it or the implications, however.
Artificial Intelligence -Introduction

 In computer science, artificial intelligence (AI), sometimes called machine

intelligence, is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the
natural intelligence displayed by humans. Leading AI textbooks define the
field as the study of "intelligent agents": any device that perceives its
environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of successfully
achieving its goals. Colloquially, the term "artificial intelligence" is often used
to describe machines (or computers) that mimic "cognitive" functions that
humans associate with the human mind, such as "learning" and "problem
solving".
Artificial Intelligence - Definition

 Computer science defines AI research as the study of "intelligent agents": any

device that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its
chance of successfully achieving its goals. A more elaborate definition
characterizes AI as “a system’s ability to correctly interpret external data, to
learn from such data, and to use those learnings to achieve specific goals and
tasks through flexible adaptation.”
Reasoning, problem solving

 Early researchers developed algorithms that imitated step-by-step reasoning

that humans use when they solve puzzles or make logical deductions. By the
late 1980s and 1990s, AI research had developed methods for dealing with
uncertain or incomplete information, employing concepts from probability
and economics.
 These algorithms proved to be insufficient for solving large reasoning
problems, because they experienced a "combinatorial explosion": they
became exponentially slower as the problems grew larger. In fact, even
humans rarely use the step-by-step deduction that early AI research was able
to model. They solve most of their problems using fast, intuitive judgements.
Automated planning and scheduling

 Intelligent agents must be able to set goals and achieve them. They need a
way to visualize the future—a representation of the state of the world and be
able to make predictions about how their actions will change it—and be able
to make choices that maximize the utility (or "value") of available choices.
 In classical planning problems, the agent can assume that it is the only system
acting in the world, allowing the agent to be certain of the consequences of
its actions. However, if the agent is not the only actor, then it requires that
the agent can reason under uncertainty. This calls for an agent that can not
only assess its environment and make predictions, but also evaluate its
predictions and adapt based on its assessment.
Examples - Siri

 Siri is an intelligent assistant that

offers a faster, easier way to get
things done on your Apple devices.
Even before you ask.
 Siri can make calls or send texts
for you whether you are driving,
have your hands full, or are simply
on the go. It also offers proactive
suggestions, like texting someone
that you’re running late for a
meeting, so you can stay in touch
effortlessly.
Examples – Google Assistant

 Google Assistant is an artificial

intelligence-powered virtual
assistant developed by Google that
is primarily available on mobile
and smart home devices. Unlike
the company's previous virtual
assistant, Google Now, the Google
Assistant can engage in two-way
conversations.
 Ask it questions. Tell it to do
things. It's your own personal
Google, always ready to help
whenever you need it.
Examples – Amazon Alexa

 Amazon Alexa, known simply as

Alexa, is a virtual assistant developed
by Amazon, first used in the Amazon
Echo and the Amazon Echo Dot smart
speakers developed by Amazon
Lab126.
 Amazon Echo is a hands-free speaker
you control with your voice. Echo
connects to the Alexa Voice Service
to play music, ask questions, make
calls, send and receive messages,
provide information, news, sports
scores, weather, and more—
instantly.
THANK YOU