Department of Telecommunication Engineering

Course Title : CONTROL SYSTEMS

Course Code : 16TE5A2

UNIT - I

INTRODUCTION
AND
MODELING SYSTEMS

1
UNIT – I Syllabus

Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 2

 What is control systems ?
• A control system is a system, which provides the
desired response by controlling the output.

• A control system manages, commands, directs,

or regulates the behavior of other devices
or systems using control loops.
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 Classification of Control Systems

• Natural control systems

• Manmade Control Systems
• Combinational control systems
• Time varying and Time – Invariant Systems
• Continuous time and Discrete-time Control Systems
• SISO and MIMO Control Systems
• Open Loop and Closed Loop Control Systems

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Natural control systems
•Biological systems

Manmade Control Systems

•Ex: Vehicles, switches, Various controllers etc.

Combinational control systems

•Natural and manmade

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Time varying and Time – Invariant Systems

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Continuous time and Discrete-time Control
Systems

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 SISO and MIMO Control Systems

• Based on input and output.

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Open Loop Control Systems

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Examples:
• Sprinkler used in water a Lawn
• Stepper motor positioning system
• Automatic Toaster system
• Traffic Light Controller
• Automatic Door opening and closing systems

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Automatic Toaster system

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Traffic Light Controller

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Advantages:

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Disadvantages:

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Closed Loop Control Systems

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Examples:
• Human being
• Home heating system
• Ship stabilization system
• Manual speed control system
• DC Motor speed control
• Temperature control system
• Missile Launching system
• Voltage Stabilizer
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Human being

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Home heating system

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Closed Loop Control Systems

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Advantages:

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Disadvantages:

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Differences between the open loop and the closed loop control
systems

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Transfer Function

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 Types of Feedback
• Positive feedback
• Negative feedback

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 Positive Feedback

T is the transfer function or overall gain of positive feedback control system.
G is the open loop gain, which is function of frequency.
H is the gain of feedback path, which is function of frequency.

Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 28

 Negative Feedback

T is the transfer function or overall gain of negative feedback control system.
G is the open loop gain, which is function of frequency.
H is the gain of feedback path, which is function of frequency.

Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 29

 Effect of Feedback on Overall Gain

• overall gain of negative feedback closed loop control system is the ratio of
'G' and (1+GH). So, the overall gain may increase or decrease depending
on the value of (1+GH).
• If the value of (1+GH) is less than 1, then the overall gain increases. In
this case, 'GH' value is negative because the gain of the feedback path is
negative.
• If the value of (1+GH) is greater than 1, then the overall gain decreases.
In this case, 'GH' value is positive because the gain of the feedback path
is positive.

Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 30

 Effect of Feedback on Stability
• A system is said to be stable, if its output is
under control. Otherwise, it is said to be
unstable.
• if the denominator value is zero (i.e., GH =
-1), then the output of the control system will
be infinite. So, the control system becomes
unstable.
• choose the feedback in order to make the
control system stable.
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Effect of Feedback on Noise – open loop control system

input  R(s) equal to zero

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 Effect of Feedback on Noise – Closed loop control system

input  R(s) equal to zero

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Basics of Laplace Transform

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Table of Laplace Transform

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