ELC 101, Mr.

Gill

Atomic Structure
Graphics
 Atomic Structure:

• The Nucleus
has:Protons &
Neutrons

• Electrons orbit
the nucleus
 The number of ELECTRONS are
equal to the number of PROTONS
Mass of Atomic Particles
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Orbits Electrons1 2 3 4

1: 2
• Electron
Orbits: 2: 8
• “Shells” and
“sub-shells”, 3: 18
determines the
valence shell 4: 32
and number of
valence 5: 32
electrons.
6: 18
7: 8
Electron
Orbits
Electrons all over…
 Water Molecule
• Water is not an
element. It is a
substance or
material, and
therefore
composed of
atoms which
share valence
electrons.
 Isotopes of Hydrogen
• Isotopes of
elements
are
determined
by the
number of
neutrons
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Hydrogen 1 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 1 1: 1 1
2: 0
3: 0
4: 0
5: 0
6: 0
7: 0
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Helium 2 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 0
3: 0
4: 0
5: 0
6: 0
7: 0
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Lithium 3 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 1 1: 2 2
2: 1 1
3: 0
4: 0
5: 0
6: 0
7: 0
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Berylium 4 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 2 2
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Boron 5 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 3 1: 1 2
2: 3 2 1
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Carbon 6 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 4 1: 1 2
2: 4 2 2
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Nitrogen 7 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 5 1: 2 2
2: 5 2 3
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Oxygen 8 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 6 1: 2 2
2: 5 2 4
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Fluorine 9 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 7 1: 2 2
2: 7 2 5
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Neon 10 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 8 1: 2 2
2: 6 2 6
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Sodium 11 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 1 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 1 1
4:
5:
6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Magnesuim 12 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 2 2

4:
5:
6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Aluminum 13 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 3 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 3 2 1

4:
5:
6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Silicon 14 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 4 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 4 2 2

4:
5:
6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Phosphorus 15 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 5 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 5 2 3

4:
5:
6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Sulfur 16 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 6 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 6 2 4

4:
5:
6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Chlorine 17 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 7 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 7 2 5

4:
5:
6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Argon 18 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 8 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 8 2 6

4:
5:
6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Potassium 19 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 1 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 8 2 6

4: 1 1

5:
6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Calcium 20 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 8 2 6

4: 2 2

5:
6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Scandium 21 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 9 2 6 1

4: 2 2

5:
6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Titanium 22 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 10 2 6 2

4: 2 2

5:
6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Vanadium 23 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 11 2 6 3

4: 2 2

5:
6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Chromium 24 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 1 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 13 2 6 5

4: 1 1

5:
6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Manganese 25 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 1 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 13 2 6 5

4: 2 2

5:
6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Iron 26 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 14 2 6 6

4: 2 2

5:
6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Cobalt 27 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 15 2 6 7

4: 2 2

5:
6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Nickel 28 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 16 2 6 8

4: 2 2

5:
6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Copper 29 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 1 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 1 1

5:
6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Zinc 30 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 2 2

5:
6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Gallium 31 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 3 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 3 2 1

5:
6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Germanium 32 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 4 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 4 2 2

5:
6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Arsenic 33 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 5 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 5 2 3

5:
6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Selenium 34 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 6 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 6 2 4

5:
6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Bromine 35 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 7 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 7 2 5

5:
6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Krypton 36 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 8 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 8 2 6

5:
6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Rubidium 37 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 1 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 8 2 6

5: 1 1

6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Strontium 38 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 8 2 6

5: 2 2

6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Yttrium 39 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 9 2 6 1

5: 2 2

6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Zirconium 40 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 10 2 6 2

5: 2 2

6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Niobium 41 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 1 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 12 2 6 4

5: 1 1

6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Molybdenum 42 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 1 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 13 2 6 5

5: 1 1

6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Techetium 43 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 13 2 6 5

5: 2 2

6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Ruthenium 44 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 1 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 15 2 6 7

5: 1 1

6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Rhodium 45 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 1 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 16 2 6 8

5: 1 1

6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Palladium 46 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: - 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 18 2 6 10

5: - -

6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Silver 47 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 1 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 18 2 6 10

5: 1 1

6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Cadmium 48 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 18 2 6 10

5: 2 2

6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Indium 49 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 3 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 18 2 6 10

5: 3 2 1

6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Tin 50 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 4 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 18 2 6 10

5: 4 2 2

6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Antinomy 51 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 5 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 18 2 6 10

5: 5 2 3

6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Tellurium 52 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 6 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 18 2 6 10

5: 6 2 4

6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Iodine 53 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 7 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 18 2 6 10

5: 7 2 5

6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Xeono 54 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 8 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 18 2 6 10

5: 8 2 6

6:
7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Cesium 55 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 1 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 18 2 6 10

5: 8 2 6

6: 1 1

7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Barium 56 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 18 2 6 10

5: 8 2 6

6: 2 2

7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Lanthanum 57 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 19 2 6 10 1

5: 8 2 6

6: 2 2

7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Cerium 58 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 20 2 6 10 2

5: 8 2 6

6: 2 2

7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Praseodymium Electrons1 2 3 4

59 1: 2 2
Valence: 2 2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 21 2 6 10 3

5: 8 2 6

6: 2 2

7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Neodymium 60 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 22 2 6 10 4

5: 8 2 6

6: 2 2

7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Praseodymium Electrons1 2 3 4

61 1: 2 2
Valence: 2 2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 23 2 6 10 5

5: 8 2 6

6: 2 2

7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Samarium 62 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 24 2 6 10 6

5: 8 2 6

6: 2 2

7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Europium 63 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 25 2 6 10 7

5: 8 2 6

6: 2 2

7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Gadolinium 64 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 26 2 6 10 8

5: 8 2 6

6: 2 2

7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Terbium 65 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 27 2 6 10 9

5: 8 2 6

6: 2 2

7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Dysposium 66 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 28 2 6 10 10

5: 8 2 6

6: 2 2

7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Holmium 67 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 29 2 6 10 11

5: 8 2 6

6: 2 2

7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Erdium 68 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 30 2 6 10 12

5: 8 2 6

6: 2 2

7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Thulium 69 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 31 2 6 10 13

5: 8 2 6

6: 2 2

7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Ytterdium 70 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 32 2 6 10 14

5: 8 2 6

6: 2 2

7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Lutetium 71 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 32 2 6 10 14

5: 9 2 6 1

6: 2 2

7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Hafmium 72 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 32 2 6 10 14

5: 10 2 6 2

6: 2 2

7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Tantalum 73 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 32 2 6 10 14

5: 11 2 6 3

6: 2 2

7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Tungsten 74 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 32 2 6 10 14

5: 12 2 6 4

6: 2 2

7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Rhenium 75 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 32 2 6 10 14

5: 13 2 6 5

6: 2 2

7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Osmium 76 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 32 2 6 10 14

5: 14 2 6 6

6: 2 2

7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Iridium 77 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 32 2 6 10 14

5: 15 2 6 7

6: 2 2

7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Platinum 78 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 1 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 32 2 6 10 14

5: 16 2 6 9

6: 1 1

7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Gold 79 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 1 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 32 2 6 10 14

5: 17 2 6 10

6: 1 1

7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Mercury 80 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 32 2 6 10 14

5: 18 2 6 10

6: 2 2

7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Thallium 81 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 3 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 32 2 6 10 14

5: 18 2 6 10

6: 3 2 1

7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Lead 82 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 4 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 32 2 6 10 14

5: 18 2 6 10

6: 4 2 2

7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Bismuth 83 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 5 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 32 2 6 10 14

5: 18 2 6 10

6: 5 2 3

7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Polonium 84 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 6 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 32 2 6 10 14

5: 18 2 6 10

6: 6 2 4

7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Astatine 85 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 7 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 32 2 6 10 14

5: 18 2 6 10

6: 7 2 5

7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Radion 86 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 8 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 32 2 6 10 14

5: 18 2 6 10

6: 8 2 6

7:
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Francium 87 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 1 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 32 2 6 10 14

5: 18 2 6 10

6: 8 2 6

1
7: 1
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Radium 88 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 32 2 6 10 14

5: 18 2 6 10

6: 8 2 6

2
7: 2
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Actinium 89 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 32 2 6 10 14

5: 19 2 6 10 1

6: 8 2 6

2
7: 2
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Thorium 90 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 32 2 6 10 14

5: 20 2 6 10 2

6: 8 2 6

2
7: 2
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Protactinium 91 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 32 2 6 10 14

5: 21 2 6 10 3

6: 8 2 6

2
7: 2
 Orbit Sub-orbits
Uranium 92 Electrons1 2 3 4

Valence: 2 1: 2 2
2: 8 2 6
3: 18 2 6 10

4: 32 2 6 10 14

5: 22 2 6 10 4

6: 8 2 6

2
7: 2